Testprep 语法精解文档格式.docx
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Testprep 语法精解文档格式.docx
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usagearetested:
PronounErrors
Subject-VerbAgreement
MisplacedModifiers
FaultyParallelism
FaultyVerbTense
FaultyIdiom
PRONOUNERRORS
Apronounisawordthatstandsforanoun,knownastheantecedentofthep
ronoun.Thekeypointfortheuseofpronounsisthis:
pronounsmustagreew
iththeirantecedentsinbothnumber(singularorplural)andperson(first,
second,orthird).
Example:
Stevehasyettoreceivehisdegree.
Here,thepronounhisreferstothenounSteve.
Followingisalistofthemostcommonpronouns:
PRONOUNS
SingularPluralBothSingularandPlural
I,mewe,usany
she,hertheynone
he,himthemall
itthesemost
anyonethosemore
eithersomewho
eachthatwhich
manyabothwhat
nothingourselvesyou
oneany
anothermany
everythingfew
mineseveral
his,hersothers
this
that
Reference
?
Apronounshouldbepluralwhenitreferstotwonounsjoinedbyand.
JaneandKatarinabelievetheypassedthefinalexam.
ThepluralpronountheyreferstothecompoundsubjectJaneandKatarina.
Apronounshouldbesingularwhenitreferstotwonounsjoinedbyororno
r.
FaultyUsage
NeitherJanenorKatarinabelievestheypassedthefinal.
Correct:
NeitherJanenorKatarinabelievesshepassedthefinal.
Apronounshouldrefertooneandonlyonenounorcompoundnoun.
ThisisprobablythemostcommonerrorontheGMAT.Ifapronounfollowstwo
nouns,itisoftenunclearwhichofthenounsthepronounrefersto.
ThebreakupoftheSovietUnionhasleftnuclearweaponsinthehandsofuns
table,nascentcountries.Itisimperativetoworldsecuritythattheybede
stroyed.
Althoughoneisunlikelytotakethesentencetomeanthatthecountriesmus
tbedestroyed,thatinterpretationispossiblefromthestructureofthese
ntence.Itiseasilycorrected:
table,nascentcountries.Itisimperativetoworldsecuritythattheseweap
onsbedestroyed.
InSomalia,theyhavebecomejadedbytheconstantwarfare.
Thisconstructionisfaultybecausetheydoesnothaveanantecedent.These
ntencecanbecorrectedbyreplacingtheywithpeople:
InSomalia,peoplehavebecomejadedbytheconstantwarfare.
Better:
ThepeopleofSomaliahavebecomejadedbytheconstantwarfare.
Inadditiontoagreeingwithitsantecedentinnumber,apronounmustagree
withitsantecedentinperson.
Oneentersthisworldwithnoresponsibilities.Thencomesschool,thenwork
thenmarriageandfamily.Nowonder,youlooklonginglytoretirement.
Inthissentence,thesubjecthaschangedfromone(thirdperson)toyou(se
condperson).Tocorrectthesentenceeitherreplaceonewithyouorviceve
rsa:
Youenterthisworldwithnoresponsibilities.Thencomesschool,thenwork,
thenmarriageandfamily.Nowonder,youlooklonginglytoretirement.
thenmarriageandfamily.Nowonder,onelookslonginglytoretirement.
Inthefollowingsentence,partorallofthesentenceisunderlined.Thean
swer-choicesofferfivewaysofphrasingtheunderlinedpart.Ifyouthinkt
hesentenceaswrittenisbetterthanthealternatives,chooseA,whichmere
lyrepeatstheunderlinedpart;
otherwisechooseoneofthealternatives.
HadthePresident’sAdministrationnotlostthevoteonthebudgetreduction
package,hisfirstyearinofficewouldhavebeenratedanA.
(A)HadthePresident’sAdministrationnotlostthevoteonthebudgetreduc
tionpackage,hisfirstyearinofficewouldhavebeenratedanA.
(B)IftheAdministrationhadnotlostthevoteonthebudgetreductionpack
age,hisfirstyearinofficewouldhavebeenratedanA.
(C)HadthePresident’sAdministrationnotlostthevoteonthebudgetreduc
tionpackage,itwouldhavebeenratedanA.
(D)HadthePresident’sAdministrationnotlostthevoteonitsbudgetreduc
(E)IfthePresidenthadnotlostthevoteonthebudgetreductionpackage,
theAdministration’sfirstyearinofficewouldhavebeenratedanA.
Choice(A)isincorrectbecausehisappearstorefertothePresident,butt
hesubjectofthesubordinateclauseisthePresident’sAdministration,not
thePresident.
Choice(B)changesthestructureofthesentence,butretainsthesameflawe
dreference.
Inchoice(C),itcanrefertoeitherthePresident’sAdministrationorthe
budgetreductionpackage.Thus,thereferenceisambiguous.
Choice(D)addsanotherpronoun,its,butstillretainsthesameflawedrefe
rence.
Choice(E)correctstheflawedreferencebyremovingallpronouns.Theanswe
ris(E).
SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT
Withinasentencetherearecertainrequirementsfortherelationshipbetwee
nthesubjectandtheverb.
Thesubjectandverbmustagreebothinnumberandperson.
Wehavesurpassedoursalesgoalofonemilliondollars.
Here,thefirstpersonpluralverbhaveagreeswithitsfirstpersonplural
subjectwe.
Note,ironically,thirdpersonsingularverbsoftenendinsores:
Heseemstobefair.
Interveningphrasesandclauseshavenoeffectonsubject-verbagreement.
OnlyoneofthePresident’snomineeswasconfirmed.
Here,thesingularverbwasagreeswithitssingularsubjectone.Theinterv
eningprepositionalphraseofthePresident’snomineeshasnoeffectonthe
numberorpersonoftheverb.
Whenthesubjectandverbarereversed,theystillmustagreeinbothnumbe
randperson.
Attachedarecopiesofthecontract.
Here,thepluralverbareattachedagreeswithitspluralsubjectcopies.Th
esentencecouldberewrittenas
Copiesofthecontractareattached.
Theriseinnegativeattitudestowardforeignersindicatethatthecountryi
sbecominglesstolerant,andthereforethattheopportunitiesareripefor
extremistgroupstoexploittheillegalimmigrationproblem.
(A)indicatethatthecountryisbecominglesstolerant,andthereforethat
(B)indicatesthatthecountryisbecominglesstolerant,andtherefore
(C)indicatesthatthecountryisbecominglesstolerant,andthereforethat
(D)indicatesthatthecountryisbeinglesstolerant,andtherefore
(E)indicatesthatthecountryisbecominglesstolerantofandthereforeth
at
Choice(A)hastwoflaws.First,thesubjectofthesentencetheriseissin
gular,andthereforetheverbindicateshouldnotbeplural.Second,thecom
maindicatesthatthesentenceismadeupoftwoindependentclauses,butth
erelativepronounthatimmediatelyfollowingthereforeformsasubordinate
clause.
Choice(C)correctsthenumberoftheverb,butretainsthesubordinatingre
lativepronounthat.
Choice(D)correctsthenumberoftheverbandeliminatesthesubordinating
relativepronounthat.However,theverbbeingislessdescriptivethanthe
verbbecoming:
Asnegativeattitudestowardforeignersincrease,thecountr
ybecomescorrespondinglylesstolerant.Beingdoesnotcapturethisnotion
ofchange.
Choice(E)correctstheverb’snumber,andbydroppingthecommamakesthes
ubordinationallowable.However,itintroducestheprepositionofwhichdoes
nothaveanobject:
lesstolerantofwhat?
Choice(B)bothcorrectstheverb’snumberandremovesthesubordinatingrel
ativepronounthat.Theansweris(B).
MISPLACEDMODIFIERS
Asageneralrule,amodifiershouldbeplacedascloseaspossibletowhat
itmodifies.
Followingaresomeusefultipsforprotectingyourpersonandpropertyfrom
theFBI.
Aswritten,thesentenceimpliesthattheFBIisathreattoyourpersonand
property.TocorrectthesentenceputthemodifierfromtheFBInexttothe
worditmodifies,tips:
FollowingaresomeusefultipsfromtheFBIforprotectingyourpersonandp
roperty.
Whenaphrasebeginsasentence,makesurethatitmodifiesthesubjectof
thesentence.
Comingaroundthecorner,afewmomentspassedbeforeIcouldrecognizemyo
ldhome.
Asworded,thesentenceimpliesthatthemomentswerecomingaroundthecorn
er.Thesentencecanbecorrectedasfollows:
AsIcamearoundthecorner,afewmomentspassedbeforeIcouldrecognizem
yoldhome.
or
Comingaroundthecorner,IpausedafewmomentsbeforeIcouldrecognizemy
oldhome.
Byfocusingonpoverty,theothercausesofcrime--suchasthebreakupofth
enuclearfamily,changingmorals,thelossofcommunity,etc.--havebeenov
erlookedbysociologists.
(A)theothercausesofcrime--suchasthebreakupofthenuclearfamily,ch
angingmorals,thelossofcommunity,etc.--have
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