ga背景文件文档格式.docx
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ga背景文件文档格式.docx
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e-2,blastedoffsecondsbefore7:
00pmonFridayfromthesouthwesterncityofXichang.
ALongMarch3-Claunchvehicle,withChang'
e-2ontop,liftedofffromtheXichangSatelliteLaunchCenterinSichuanprovinceat6:
59:
57pmasplanned.
Thecircumlunarsatelliteseparatedfromtherocketat7:
26pmtoentertheEarth-moontransferorbit.Inlessthanfivedays,itwillentera100-kilometerlunarorbit.
Aboutanhourafterthelaunch,LiShangfu,directoroftheXichanglaunchcenter,declaredthelaunchasuccesstocheersandapplauseinthecommandandcontrolhall.
TheChang'
e-2missionisconsidered"
astartingpoint"
ofthesecondstageofChina'
slunarexplorationprogramthatfocusesonlandingonthemoon,aspokespersonforthelunarexplorationprogram,said.
Theprobeplanstotesttechnologyinpreparationforanunmannedmoonlandingin2013.
Developedwithindigenoustechnology,the900-million-yuan($134million)Chang'
e-2missionwilltestkeycomponentsforasoft-landingonthemoon.
Friday'
smissionmarkedthefirsttimethataChineselunarprobedirectlyenteredtheEarth-moontransferorbitwithoutorbitingtheearthfirst.
"
Itisamajorbreakthroughinrocketdesign,asitsavesenergyusedbythesatelliteandspeedsupthejourneytolunarorbit,"
PangZhihao,aresearcherwiththeChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology,wasquotedbytheXinhuaNewsAgencyassaying.
ThecircumlunarsatellitewillbesentdirectlyintotheEarth-moontransferorbitandtravelsome112hoursbeforebeingcapturedbythemoon'
sgravityandenteringthe100-kmlunarorbit.
Later-sometimeneartheendofOctober-itwillbemaneuveredtogointoanellipticalorbitwiththeclosestpointonly15kmawayfromthelunarsurface.
Atthatdistance,itwilltakehigh-resolutionphotosofthemoon'
sBayofRainbowsarea,theexpectedlandingsiteofChang'
e-3.
OncetheChang'
e-2proberelaysbackhigh-resolutionphotosoftheBayofRainbows,takenfromthe15-kmorbit,itsignalsasuccessfulmission,"
thespokesmansaid.
Inaddition,itwillalsorefinescientificresearchresultsacquiredinthefirstmissionthroughtheimprovedpayloadonboard.
Whethertheprobecanenterandworkinthe15-kmorbitisregardedasthebiggestchallengefacingthecountry'
sgroundtrackingandcontroltechnology.
YuDengyun,deputychiefdesignerofChina'
slunarexplorationprogram,saidiftheground-trackingsystemfailstocalculatecorrectly,duringtheprobe'
smaneuver,itcouldeitherendinalowerorbitandcrashintothemoon,ortakephotosinahigherorbitwiththequalityofimagessuffering.
Thesecondlunarprobehasadesignedlifespanofsixmonths,butitisexpectedtolastlongerinspace.ThemissionplannershavethreepossiblescenariosforhowChang'
e-2willenditsmission.
Itmightendlikeitspredecessorandcrashintothemoon,flyfurtherintodeeperspace,orcomebacktoEarth,"
saidYu.
Thedecisionwillbeuptothe"
condition"
ofthesatellite,hesaid.
Lunarexplorationisahigh-riskendeavor.Since1958,theUnitedStates,Russia(andpreviouslytheSovietUnion),theEuropeanUnion,Japan,ChinaandIndiahavesentlunarprobestothemoon.Halfofthe126missionsfailed.
ChinaproveditscapabilitytoexploreouterspacebylaunchingtheChang'
e-1orbiterin2007,whichendedits16-monthmissionin2009bycrashingintothelunarsurface.Itplanstosendthreespacecrafttothemooninthesecondstageofitslunarexplorationprogram,includingChang'
e-3,whichisslatedtosoft-landonthemooninabout2013,andChang'
e-4,whichisabackupforChang'
esatellitesarenamedafteramythicalChinesegoddesswhoflewtothemoon.
Chinaisalsothethirdnation,aftertheUSandRussia,tolaunchpeopleintospaceafterYangLiweiwasputintoorbitaboardthespaceshipShenzhouVonOct15,2003.AnotherthreeastronautsweresentintospaceinShenzhouVIIandcarriedoutthecountry'
sfirstspacewalkinSeptember2008.
Chinaisplanningtosendamodule,Tiangong-1,intospacetocarryoutChina'
sfirstspacedocking,withtheShenzhouVIIIspacecraft,bothtobelaunchedin2011.
Xinhua,APandReuterscontributedtothisstory.
TheU.S.“won”thespaceraceon21July1969,whenNeilArmstrongandBuzzAldrinbecamethefirstpeopleonthemoon.
TopicAreaA:
InternationalCooperationforthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace
HistoryandDiscussionoftheProblem
TheFourthCommitteeischargedwiththeissueofinternationalcooperationforthepeacefulusesofouterspace.Thistopicisonethathasyettobeexhausted,evenafteralmosthalfacenturyofdiscussion.Eversincethefirstsatelliteswerelaunchedinthe1950s,theinternationalcommunityhascontinuallyrespondedtotheconcernsraisedbyemergingspacetechnology.Internationallawwasforgedwithafewmajorobjectivesinmind,primarilythatspaceexplorationandusebeentirelypeacefulandforthebettermentofallmankind.7Ofcourse,thisnewandvastbodyoflawcraftedwithintheforumoftheUnitedNationsshouldhardlybestatic;
keepingspaceexplorationandusewhollypeacefulrequirescontinualdiscussionasnewtechnologiesandprioritiesarise.Moreover,thedesireforallstates,industrializedanddevelopingalike,tobenefitmutuallyfromspacetechnologynecessitatesfrequentdiscussionandcooperation.Thehistoryofspaceexplorationisrelevanttotheissueintermsofhighlightingthechallengesposedbythenewspacetechnologyinthepeacefulusesofouterspace.
TheColdWarandtheSpaceRace
WorldWarIIcametoanendinAugust1945,shortlyaftertheUnitedStatesdroppedthesecretlydevelopedatomicbombonHiroshimaandNagasakiinJapan.However,theendofWorldWarIImarkedthebeginningoftheColdWar,astensionsmountedbetweenthepost-warsuperpowersofthe
world:
theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion.Duringthewar,boththeUnitedStatesandSovietUnionwereamongsttheAlliedPowers,whichalsoincludedBritainandFrance,infightingtheAxisPowers,namelyGermany,Italy,andJapan.AnimositybetweentheUnitedStatesandSovietUnionstemmedfromwartimedisagreements,particularlynearingtheendofthewar,oversuchmattersasthedevelopmentoftheatomicbomb,influenceinJapan,thedivisionofGermany,anddifferencesincommunistandcapitalistideals.8
TheatomicbombdevelopedbytheUnitedStatestriggeredanarmsrace,oracompetitionbetweentwoormorepartiesformilitarysupremacybyexpandingtechnologyandresources.Throughtheearly1950s,bothsuperpowersdevelopedhugearsenalsofInter-ContinentalBallisticMissiles(ICBMs),whicharelongrangeballisticmissiles.In1952,theUnitedStatesdevelopeditsHydrogenBomb.TheSovietUnionfollowedsuitin1955.9
Laterinthedecade,thearmsraceadvancedintowhatbecameknownasthe“SpaceRace,”anunofficialtechnologicalcompetitionparallelingthearmsraceinwhichbothnationssoughttoprovescientificsuperiorityinthearenaofspaceexploration.In1952,theInternationalCouncilofScientificUnionsestablishedthetimeperiodfrom1July1957to31December1958astheInternationalGeophysicalYear(IGY),duetoknowncyclesofhighsolaractivity.10Shortlyafterwards,thecouncilcalledforartificialsatellitestobelaunchedduringtheIGYtomapthesurfaceoftheEarth.In1955,theUSWhiteHouselookedtogovernmentresearchagenciestoundertakedevelopmentontheproject,authorizingtheVanguardproposalfromtheNavalResearchLaboratory.
TheSpaceRacebeganfollowingtheRussianlaunchingofSputnik,thefirstartificialsatelliteintheworld,on4October1957.ThelaunchofSputnik,abeachballshapedsatelliteweighing184pounds,stunnedtheAmericanpublic,whofearedthatthesovietswouldsoonbeabletolaunchICBMsandotherweaponsfromspace.11Onemonthlater,theSovietUnionlaunchedSputnikII,whichfamouslycarriedamuchheavierloadincludingacaninepassengernamedLaika.Meanwhile,thefirstattemptmadebytheUnitedStatesatlaunchinganartificialsatelliteendedunsuccessfullywhenitsVanguardrocketexplodedatlift-off.However,anotherprojecthadbeenbrewingsimultaneously.andon31January1958,theUnitedStatessuccessfullylauncheditsfirstorbitingsatellite,ExplorerI.ExplorerIcarriedasmallscientificloadthatdiscoveredmagneticradiationbeltsaroundtheEarth.ThelaunchingofSputnikcompelledtheU.S.CongresstopasstheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceActin1958,formallycreatingNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA).12Thefirstsatellitesservedasanearlyindicatorthatouterspacewasinternationalterritorytobeshared.
In1959,theSovietUnionlaunchedthefirstsuccessfulmoon-probe,LunaII,andinthesameyearobtainedthefirstphotographsofthemoon.13On12April1961,YuriGagarinoftheSovietUnionbecamethefirstmaninspace,orbitingtheearthinVostokfor108minutes.Justweekslater,AlanShepherdbecamethefirstAmericaninSpace.On20February1962,JohnGlennbecamethefirstAmericantoorbittheearth.ThefirstwomaninspacewasValentinaTereshkovaoftheSovietUnionin1963.14
In1961,AmericanPresidentJohnF.Kennedyannouncedtheambitiousnationalgoaloflandingamanonthemoonandreturninghimsafelyto
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