汽车英文文献.doc
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汽车英文文献.doc
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Ahighspeedtri-visionsystemforautomotiveapplications
MarcAnthonyAzzopardi&IvanGrech&JacquesLeconte
Abstract
PurposeCamerasareexcellentwaysofnon-invasivelymonitoringtheinteriorandexteriorofvehicles.Inparticular,highspeedstereovisionandmultivisionsystemsareimportantfortransportapplicationssuchasdrivereyetrackingorcollisionavoidance.Thispaperaddressesthesynchronisationproblemwhichariseswhenmultivisioncamerasystemsareusedtocapturethehighspeedmotioncommoninsuchapplications.Methods Anexperimental,high-speedtri-visioncamerasystemintendedforreal-timedrivereye-blinkandsaccademeasurementwasdesigned,developed,implementedandtestedusingprototype,ultra-highdynamicrange,automotive-gradeimagesensorsspecificallydevelopedbyE2V(formerlyAtmel)GrenobleSAaspartoftheEuropeanFP6project–SENSATION(advancedsensordevelopmentforattentionstress,vigilanceandsleep/wakefulnessmonitoring).ResultsThedevelopedsystemcansustainframeratesof59.8Hzatthefullstereovisionresolutionof1280×480butthiscanreach750Hzwhena10kpixelRegionofInterest(ROI)isused,withamaximumglobalshuttespeedof1/48000sandashutterefficiencyof99.7%.ThedatacanbereliablytransmitteduncompressedoverstandardcopperCamera-Link®cablesover5metres.Thesynchronisationerrorbetweentheleftandrightstereoimagesislessthan100psandthishasbeenverifiedbothelectricallyandoptically.Synchronisationisauto-maticallyestablishedatboot-upandmaintainedduringresolutionchanges.Athirdcamerainthesetcanbeconfiguredindependently.Thedynamicrangeofthe10bitsensorsexceeds123dBwithaspectralsensitivityextendingwellintotheinfra-redrange.ConclusionThesystemwassubjectedtoacomprehensivetestingprotocol,whichconfirmsthatthesalientrequire-mentsforthedrivermonitoringapplicationareadequatelymetandinsomerespects,exceeded.Thesynchronizationtechniquepresentedmayalsobenefitseveralotherauto-motivestereovisionapplicationsincludingnearandfar-fieldobstacledetectionandcollisionavoidance,roadconditionmonitoringandothers.
Keywords Synchronisation.High-speedautomotivemultivision.Activesafety.Drivermonitoring.Sensors
1Introduction
Overthecomingyears,oneoftheareasofgreatestresearchanddevelopmentpotentialwillbethatofautomotivesensorsystemsandtelematics[1,2].Inparticular,thereisasteeplygrowinginterestintheutilisationofmultiplecameraswithinvehiclestoaugmentvehicleHuman-MachineInterfacing(HMI)forsafety,comfortandsecurity.
Forexternalmonitoringapplications,camerasareemergingasviablealternativestosystemssuchRadio,SoundandLight/LaserDetectionandRanging(RADAR,SODAR,LADAR/LIDAR).Thelatteraretypicallyrathercostlyandeitherhavepoorlateralresolutionorrequiremechanicalmovingparts.
Forvehiclecabinapplications,camerasoutshineothertechniqueswiththeirabilitytocollectlargeamountsofinformationinahighlyunobtrusiveway.Moreover,camerascanbeusedtosatisfyseveralapplicationsatoncebyre-processingthesamevisiondatainmultipleways,therebyreducingthetotalnumberofsensorsrequiredtoachieveequivalentfunctionality.However,automotivevisionstillfacesseveralopenchallengesintermsofoptoelectronic-performance,size,reliability,powercon-sumption,sensitivity,multi-camerasynchronisation,inter-facingandcost.
Inthispaper,severaloftheseproblemsareaddressed.Asanexample,driverheadlocalisation,pointofgazedetectionandeyeblinkratemeasurementisconsideredforwhichthedesignofadash-board-mountableautomotivestereovisioncamerasystemispresented.ThiswasdevelopedaspartofalargeFP6IntegratedProject-SENSATION(AdvancedSensorDevelopmentforAttention,Stress,VigilanceandSleep/WakefulnessMonitoring).Theoverarchinggoalofextendabletomultivisionsystems[5–8].
Thecamerasystemisbuiltaroundamatchedsetofprototype,ultra-highdynamicrange,automotive-grade,imagesensorsspecificallydevelopedandfabricatedbyE2VGrenobleSAforthisapplication.Thesensorwhichisanoveltyinitsownright,istheAT76C410ABACMOSmonochromeautomotiveimagesensor.Thissensorimple-mentsaglobalshuttertoallowdistortion-freecaptureoffastmotion.Italsoincorporatesanon-chip Multi-ROIfeaturewithuptoeightRegionsOfInterest(ROI)withpre-programmingfacilityandallowsfastswitchingfromoneimagetoanother.Inthisway,severalreal-timeparallelimagingprocessingtaskscanbecarriedoutwithonesensor.EachROIisindependentlyprogrammable on-the-fly withrespecttointegrationtime,gain,sub-sampling/binning,position,widthandheight.
Afairlycomprehensiveseriesof “benchtests” wereconductedinordertotestthevalidity
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