跨文化交际WORD版Word文档格式.docx
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跨文化交际WORD版Word文档格式.docx
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itinvolvesbeliefs,values,norms,andsocialpractices它涉及到信仰、价值观、行为准则和社会规则
Cultureaffectsattitudesandbehaviors
Aboveall,agivenculturegivespeopleguidelinesaboutwhatthingsmean,whatisimportant,andwhatshouldorshouldnotbedone.
(iii)Dimensionsofculture
Factorsaffectculture:
Cultureisamixtureofvariousfactors.Inordertounderstandculturewell,therearethreeprimarydimensionscanhelp,whicharelanguage,physicalandpsychologicaldimensionsofculture.
Languagedimension语言维度/因素:
(languageisthetransmitterofculture文化的载体):
1.Verbal:
spokenandwritten
2.Nonverbal:
bodylanguage,signs,etc.
Physicaldimension(自然维度/因素):
1.thecommunicationenvironment
2.theculturalactivities
Psychologicaldimension(心理维度/因素):
cultureislearnedthroughperceptionandprocess.
Languagedimension:
norms行为准则,rules规则,roles社会角色andnetworks人际关系
BasedonthetheoryofLanguagedimension,weneedtounderstandseveralsituationalfactorswhichinfluenceencodinganddecodingofbothverbalandnonverbalmessageswithaculture.
(V)Culturaldifferences(whyculturesdiffer?
)
Therearesixprimaryforcesthathelptogenerateculturaldifferences,includingaculture’shistory,ecology,technology,biology,instructionalnetworks,andinterpersonalcommunicationpatterns.
IICommunication
(i)Definingcommunication:
Thedefinitionwehaveselectedismostusefulforourpurposeoffeasiblyunderstandingofinterculturalbusinesscommunication,thatis,(P14)
(ii)Principles/characteristicsofcommunication:
1.Communicationisadynamicprocess:
communicationisatwo-wayorinteractiveprocess.
2.Communicationissymbolic;
3.Communicationissystemic;
4.Communicationinvolvesmakinginference;
5.Communicationisself-reflective;
6.Communicationhasaconsequence;
7.Communicationiscomplex.
IIIThechallengeofcommunicatinginaninterculturalworld
Therearesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongdifferentculturalgroups.Thebarrierstointerculturalcommunicationisculturaldifferences,thepotentialproblemsininterculturalcommunicationreflectthoseculturalfactors.
Chapter2CulturalUniversalsandCulturalValues
2.1UniversalSystemsinallCultures(文化体制共性
Thefollowingsystemsarefoundinallcultures:
1.economicsystems经济制度
2.politicalsystems政治制度
3.educationalsystems教育体制
4.marriage,family,kinship婚姻、家庭以及血缘关系
2.1.1EconomicSystems:
经济体制
Aculturedevelopsaneconomicsysteminordertomeetthematerialneedsofitspeople.Thedifferenteconomicsystemsintheworldtodayinclude:
1.capitalism资本主义(U.S.AandJapan)
2.socialism社会主义(SwedenandChina,theformerSovietUnion1922--1991)
3.agrarianism易货贸易制(Belize伯利兹inthecentralsouthAmericaandCambodia柬埔寨)
4.barter农业社会(Laos
[lauz]老挝andMarshallIslands)
Alltheeconomicsystemscoexist.
Theaspectsofacountry’seconomy国家经济涵盖的内容
●1.importsandexports
(进出口)
●2.FDI(ForeignDirectInvestment直接对外资)
●3.GDP(GrossDomesticProducts国内生产总值)
●4.theunitofcurrencyandemployment(货币单位及就业)
2.1.2PoliticalSystems政治制度
●Definition:
Thepoliticalsystemisthegovernmentsystemofcountryandcanbebasedonthetypeofgovernment,legalsystem,electedprocedures,executivebranchandlegislativebranch.
●政治体制是一政府类型、法律体系、选举程序、行政机关和立法机关为基础的国家管理体系。
ThePoliticalSystemofChina:
ThePeople’sRepublicofChinaisasocialistcountryundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina
Thestatefundamentallaw国家法律
ConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
中华人民共和国宪法
Politicalsystem
Thepeople’scongress人民代表大会
China’sstateinstructions
政治体系组织形式
1.TheNationalPeople’sCongress全国人代会
2.Chairman国家主席
3.StateCouncil(theCentralPeople’s
Government国务院)
4.TheCentralMilitaryCommissionofChina中央军委
5.TheSupremePeople’sCourt最高法院
6.TheSupremePeople’sProcuratorate检察院
[
`prɔkjuəreɪtərɪt
]
ThePoliticalSystemofUSA民主政权
TheUSistheoldestcontinuousdemocracy(1789--)intheworld.(选择)
Thegovernmenttype政府组织形式
Constitution-basedfederalrepublicwithdemocracy民主法治联邦
TheFederalGovernment
联邦政府
(Ithasthreebranches)
Legislative
Branch
立法
HouseofRepresentatives
众议院435seats/party
Senate参议院(100seats/party)
Executive
行政
President
TheCabinet内阁
ThefederalDepartmentsandAgencies联邦政府各部门与机构
JudicialBranch
司法
DemocraticParty民主党BarackObama
RepublicanParty共和党
2.1.3Marriage,family,kinship
Marriage,familyandkinshipsystemsaremadeupofattitudes,beliefs,andpracticesrelatedtomarriage,thefamilyandkinshipgroups,whichareheldbypeopleinaculture.Allcultureshavedevisedrulesconcerningwhocanmarryandhavesetprocedurestobefollowedwhenpeoplemarry,raisefamiliesandencompasskinships.
TheaspectsoftheestablishmentanddevelopmentofFamily:
Therangeoffamilyindifferentcultures:
1.Thenuclearfamily(US):
father,mother,andchildren
2.Theextendedfamily(China/India):
second-,third-,andevenforth-generationrelationships
theformsdevelopedoffamilies
1.Polygyny/Plygamy(一夫多妻):
onemanwithmanywives(theancientChina(onewifeandmoreconcubines
['
kɑŋkju,baɪn]),manyArabiancountries,andIslamicculture)
2.Polyandry(一妻多夫):
onewomanwithmanyhusbands(摩门教)
3.Monogamy(一夫一妻):
onehusbandandonewife
4.SerialMonogamy(再婚制):
remarry
2.2Culturalvalues
--thedefinition
●Valuesplayacentralpartinagivenculture(价值观是文化的核心)
Thedefinition(definedindifferentways):
Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel(GreetHofstede,2001).
2.2.1Characteristicsofvalues
●1.Valueshelpdeterminehowpeopleoughttobehave(文化价值观指导人们的看法和行为).
●2.Valuesarelearnedandtransmittedbyvarietyofsources(family,proverbs,media,school,church,state,etc.)
(文化价值观是后天逐渐通过各种途径习得的).
●3.Valuesareprogrammedearlyinourlivesandthereforeareoftennonrational(价值观是我们早期形成的思想体系,是抽象概括的).
2.2.2function/roleofculturalvalues
1.thecoreofagivenculture:
values(价值观是文化的核心)
2.relationshiptoattitudesandbeliefs(andreligions):
Attitudesandbeliefsarebasedonshapedbyvalues.
价值观支配着人们的信念、态度、看法和行为。
Cultureshavedifferentreligionsandbeliefs.
3.prioritiesofculturalvaluesindifferentcultures:
文化中的美德
●e.g.thevaluetowardtheelderly:
theChinesetraditionisthattheelderlyarehighlyrespected,becauserespectingtheelderlyandtakingcareoftheyoungisChinesetraditionalvirtue;
onthecontrary,theseniorcitizenproblemisasocialphenomenonintheUnitedStates.
2.2.3Culturesandbeliefs
-definitionofbeliefs
Beliefsserveasthestoragesystemforthecontentofourpastexperiences,includingthoughts,memories,andinterpretationsofevents.
(信仰被人们接受为真理并反应在人们的行动和交流上)
ChapterThreeCulturalValuesandBusinessCulture
Valuesplayacentralpartinagivenculture.
ICulturalvalues
(I)thedefinition(definedindifferentways):
Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,airorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel(GreetHofstede,2001).
(II)Characteristicsofvalues
(III)function/roleofculturalvalues
values
2.relationshiptoattitudesandbeliefs(andreligion):
attitudesandbeliefsarebasedonshapedbyvalues.Cultureshavedifferentreligionandbeliefs.
(1)Beliefs
Takingdifferentpeoples’beliefsondragon,forChinesepeople,dragonisconsideredtobeasupernaturalpower.Forthousandsofyears,dragonhasdeitywithabsolutepowerandmysteryofluck.So,inhistory,emperorsalwaysregardedthemselvesassonsofdragon,andChinawasregardedaslandofdragoninthesamewayChineseasdescendantsofdragon.“TheGiantDragonoftheEast”hasbecomeasobriquetforthecountry.Conversely,thedragonisoftenconsideredasevil(monster)inthewest.
(2)Cultureshavedifferentbeliefsandreligionsystems.
Religionscomefromculturalvaluesandalsocontributetoculturalvalues.
Themajorworldreligions(P84)
3.pr
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