国际商务希尔17章重点文档格式.docx

国际商务希尔17章重点文档格式.docx

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vInstead,thereisonlytheglobalmarket

vFallingtradebarriersmakeiteasiertosellinternationally

vThetastesandpreferencesofconsumersareconvergingonsomeglobalnorm

vFirmshelpcreatetheglobalmarketbyofferingthesamebasicproductsworldwide

ClassroomPerformanceSystem

Theshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomyisreferredtoas

a）economicintegration

b）economicinterdependency

c）globalization

d）internationalization

TheGlobalizationOfProduction

vTheglobalizationofproductionreferstothesourcingofgoodsandservicesfromlocationsaroundtheglobetotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproductionlikeland,labor,andcapital

vCompaniescompetemoreeffectivelybyloweringtheiroverallcoststructureorimprovingthequalityorfunctionalityoftheirproductoffering

TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutions

Institutionsareneededto:

vhelpmanage,regulate,andpolicetheglobalmarketplace

vpromotetheestablishmentofmultinationaltreatiestogoverntheglobalbusinesssystem

Institutionscreatedoverthepasthalfcenturyinclude:

vtheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade（GATT）

vtheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）

vtheInternationalMonetaryFund（IMF）

vtheWorldBank

vtheUnitedNations（UN）

TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutions

vTheWorldTradeOrganization（likeitspredecessorGATT）isprimarilyresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystemandmakingsurethatnation-statesadheretotheruleslaiddownintradetreatiessignedbyWTOmembers

vIn2007,the150nationsthataccountedfor97%ofworldtradewereWTOmembers

vTheWTOpromoteslowerbarrierstotradeandinvestment

vTheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldBankwerecreatedin1944

vTheIMFwasestablishedtomaintainorderintheinternationalmonetarysystem

vTheWorldBankwasestablishedtopromoteeconomicdevelopment

TheUnitedNationswasestablishedin1945to:

vmaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity

vdevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnations

vcooperateinsolvinginternationalproblemsandinpromotingrespectforhumanrights

vbeacenterforharmonizingtheactionsofnations

Whichisnotafactorofproduction?

a）trade

b）land

c）capital

d）energy

DriversOfGlobalization

Twomacrofactorsunderliethetrendtowardgreaterglobalization:

vthedeclineinbarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalthathasoccurredsincetheendofWorldWarII

vtechnologicalchange

DecliningTradeAnd

InvestmentBarriers

vInternationaltradeoccurswhenafirmexportsgoodsorservicestoconsumersinanothercountry

vForeigndirectinvestment（FDI）occurswhenafirminvestsresourcesinbusinessactivitiesoutsideitshomecountry

vAfterWorldWarII,advancedcountriesmadeacommitmenttolowerbarrierstotradeandinvestment

vSince1950,averagetariffshavefallensignificantlyandarenowatabout4%

vCountrieshavealsobeenopeningmarketstoFDI

Thesourcingofgoodandservicesfromaroundtheworldtotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproductioniscalled

a）economiesofscale

b）theglobalizationofproduction

c）globalintegration

d）globalsourcing

Table1.1:

AverageTariffRatesonManufacturedProductsasPercentofValue

Lowerbarrierstotradeandinvestmentmean:

vthatfirmscanviewtheworld,ratherthanasinglecountry,astheirmarket

vthatfirmscanbaseproductionintheoptimallocationforthatactivity

Whichorganizationisresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystem?

a）theInternationalMonetaryFund

b）theUnitedNations

c）theWorldTradeOrganization

d）theWorldBank

TheRoleOfTechnologicalChange

vTechnologicalchangehasmadetheglobalizationofmarketsareality

Importantadvanceshaveoccurredin:

vmicroprocessorsandtelecommunications

vtheInternetandWorldWideWeb

vtransportationtechnology

TheRoleOfTechnologicalChange

Implicationsoftechnologicalchangefortheglobalizationofproductioninclude:

vlowertransportationcoststhatenablefirmstodisperseproductiontoeconomical,geographicallyseparatelocations

vlowerinformationprocessingandcommunicationcoststhatenablefirmstocreateandmanagegloballydispersedproductionsystems

Implicationsoftechnologicalchangefortheglobalizationofmarketsinclude:

vlowcostglobalcommunicationsnetworkshelpcreateelectronicglobalmarketplace

vlow-costtransportationhelpcreateglobalmarkets

vglobalcommunicationnetworksandglobalmediaarecreatingaworldwideculture,andaglobalmarketforconsumerproducts

TheChangingDemographics

OfTheGlobalEconomy

vTherehasbeenadrasticchangeinthedemographicsoftheworldeconomyinthelast30years

Fourtrendsareimportant:

vtheChangingWorldOutputandWorldTradePicture

vtheChangingForeignDirectInvestmentPicture

vtheChangingNatureoftheMultinationalEnterprise

vtheChangingWorldOrder

TheChangingWorldOutput

AndWorldTradePicture

vIn1960,theUnitedStatesaccountedforover40%ofworldeconomicactivity

vBy2006,theUnitedStatesaccountedforlessthan20%ofworldeconomicactivity

vAsimilartrendoccurredinotherdevelopedcountries

vTheshareofworldoutputaccountedforbydevelopingnationsisrisingandisexpectedtoaccountformorethan60%ofworldeconomicactivityby2020

Table1.2:

TheChangingDemographicsofWorldGDPandTrade

TheChangingForeignDirect

InvestmentPicture

vInthe1960s,U.S.firmsaccountedforabouttwo-thirdsofworldwideFDIflows

vToday,theUnitedStatesaccountsforlessthanone-fifthofworldwideFDIflows

vOtherdevelopedcountrieshavefollowedasimilarpattern

vIncontrast,theshareofFDIaccountedforbydevelopingcountrieshasrisenfromlessthan2%in1980toalmost12%in2005

vDevelopingcountries,especiallyChina,havealsobecomepopulardestinationsforFDI

Figure1.2:

PercentageShareofTotalFDIStock1980-2005

Figure1.3:

FDIInflows1988-2006

Whatisthesinglemostimportantinnovationtotheglobalizationofmarketsandproduction?

a）advancesintransportationtechnology

b）thedevelopmentofthemicroprocessor

c）advancesincommunication

d）theInternet

TheChangingNatureOf

TheMultinationalEnterprise

vAmultinationalenterprise（MNE）isanybusinessthathasproductiveactivitiesintwoormorecountries

vSincethe1960s,therehasbeenariseinnon-U.S.multinationals,andagrowthofmini-multinationals

TheChangingWorldOrder

vManyformerCommunistnationsinEuropeandAsiaarenowcommittedtodemocraticpoliticsandfreemarketeconomiesandso,createnewopportunitiesforinternationalbusinesses

vChinaandLatinAmericaarealsomovingtowardgreaterfreemarketreforms

TheGlobalEconomyOf

TheTwenty-firstCentury

vTheworldismovingtowardamoreglobaleconomicsystem,butglobalizationisnotinevitable

vGlobalizationalsobringsriskslikethefinancialcrisisthatsweptthroughSouthEastAsiainthelate1990s

Whichofthefollowingtrendsistrue?

a）theUnitedStatesisaccountingforagreaterpercentageofworldtradethaneverbefore

b）theUnitedStatesisaccountingforagreaterpercentageofforeigndirectinvestmentthaneverbefore

c）theshareofworldtradeaccountedforbydevelopingcountriesisrising

d）theshareofforeigndirectinvestmentbydevelopingcountriesisdeclining

TheGlobalizationDebate

Istheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentglobaleconomyagoodthing?

vSupportersbelievethatincreasedtradeandcross-borderinvestmentmeanlowerpricesforgoodsandservices,greatereconomicgrowth,higherconsumerincome,andmorejobs

vCriticsworrythatglobalizationwillcausejoblosses,environmentaldegradation,andtheculturalimperialismofglobalmediaandMNEs

Anti-GlobalizationProtests

vMorethan40,000anti-globalizationprotesterstooktothestreetattheWTOmeetinginSeattlein1999

vProtestersnowregularlyshowupatmostmajormeetingsofglobalinstitutions

Globalization,Jobs,AndIncome

vGlobalizationcriticsarguethatfallingbarrierstotradearedestroyingmanufacturingjobsinadvancedcountries

vSupportersofglobalizationcontendthatthebenefitsofthistrendoutweighthecosts—thatcountrieswillspecializeinwhattheydomostefficientlyandtradeforothergoods—andallco