学术英语写作讲义文档格式.docx
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学术英语写作讲义文档格式.docx
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(2)[EverydayEnglish]
Theprogressoftheworkwilldependonhowmoderntheequipmentis.
Theprogressoftheworkwilldependonthemodernizationoftheequipment.
1.1.3Hedging(模糊语)
(1)OntheevidenceofthefindingspresentedinFigure1,itwouldappearthatstudentsinHongKonggenerallyhavelittleneedtospeakinEnglishoutsidetheclassroom.
(2)Weismannsuggestedthatanimalsbecomeoldbecause,iftheydidnot,therecouldbenosuccessivereplacementofindividualsandhencenoevolution.
1.1.4Useofsingleverbs(使用单一动词)
(1)ThematerialamenitiesoflifehavegoneupinWesternsociety.(increased)
(2)AprimaryeducationsystemwassetupthroughoutIrelandasearlyas1831.(establish)
其他如lookinto(investigate);
getridof(eliminate)
1.2.1大量使用被动语态
(1)Anycontainercanbefilledbytheseastheydiffuseandspreadouttofillthem.Theatomsormoleculesofgasesmoveveryrapidlyandarewidelyspaced..
(2)Usingasimplifiedinput-output(I-O)framework,theaggregateeconomicoutputofthenon-energysector(Yt)canbeformulatedasthesumofvalue-addedinthenon-energysector(Vane,t)andinter-industrypaymentsforenergyandtransportservices.
1.2.2客观语言
(1)Ichosethismethodbecauseitislesscomplex.(personal)
Thismethodischosenbecauseitislesscomplex.
(2)Theconclusionsareappallingandaccount,toalargeextent,fortheterriblemorbidityandmortalitystatisticsofthiscommunity.
Text1
Inthispaperwearepresentingouranalysisofourassignmentonteamworkdevelopment.Thegroupweselectedforthisassignment(thesurveyteam)isagroupofpeoplewhoworkforAdvanceTours.WeusedtwoquestionnairesdevelopedbyCacioppe(1998)totrytomeasuretheperformanceoftheteamandthewaytheteammembersfeltaboutit.Wethentriedtopresentananalysisofthefindingsandmadeafewrecommendationsaboutwhattheteamcandotoimprovethewaytheywork.
客观语言,句子改写
Text2
Thispaperpresentsthefindingsofananalysisofteamworkdevelopment.Thegroupselectedforthisassignment(thesurveyteam)isasmallteamoffourpeopleworkinginasmalldepartmentofAdvanceTours.Theperformanceoftheteamandtheteammembers’attitudestotheirteamweremeasuredusingtwoquestionnairesdevelopedbyCacioppe(1998).Ananalysisofthefindingsisthenpresentedandrecommendationsaremadeastowhatmeasurescanbeemployedtoimprovetheoverallteamworkandperformanceoftheteam.
Lecture2
Beingbriefandconcise
e.g.(1a)PreliminaryobservationsontheeffectofZnelementonanticorrosion(防腐蚀)ofzincplatinglayer(镀锌层)(wordy)
(1b)EffectofZnonanticorrosionofzincplatinglayer(concise)
e.g.《中国近代纸币史》中几个学术问题的探讨
(2a)Discussion
on
Several
Academic
problems
in
the
Book
The
Modern
History
of
Chinese
Paper
Money
(wordy)
(2b)Several
Questions
Banknotes
(concise)
2.3Keywords
(1)Functionsofkeywords
Keywordsofaresearchpaperarethemostfrequentlyusedwordsandthemostimportantwordsandphrasesofthepaper.Theyarerepresentativeofthethemeofthepaper.Asitmainlyfunctionsforeasinessofretrieval,“keywords”isalsovariouslycalled“indexingterms”(索引词),“keywordsindex”,“keywordsandphrases”.
(2)Formandnumberofkeywords
◇Keywordsofresearchpaperappearintheformofnouns,notverbs,Forexample,“investigation”isusedinsteadof“investigate”.
◇Ingeneral,thenumberofkeywordsrangesfrom2to8.Thenormallimitednumberofkeywordsisfourtosixinonepaper
◇Asusual,keywordsarechosenfromthe“title”and/or“abstract”,wherethekeytermsofwordsandphrasesareusuallycontained
(3)Locationofkeywords
Thoughkeywordscanbeeitheraboveorbelowtheabstractofapaper,theyareyet,inmostcases,placedbelowtheabstract.Theyareinlowercaseexceptabbreviations.
(4)Methodsofspacingkeywords
Therearethreemethodsofspacingkeywords:
usingcomma,
semicolon;
largerpartition
Fullstopcouldnotbeusedtospacekeywords.
如:
(1)“softwarecomponent,(;
)UML,(;
)rationaldatabase”.
2.4CommonscientificfoundationelementsinAcknowledgements.
1.国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目(863计划)(No.)
NationalHighTechnologyResearchandDevelopmentProgramofChina(863Program)(No.)
2.国家自然科学基金(面上项目:
重点项目:
重大项目:
)No.
NationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(GeneralProgram;
KeyProgram;
MajorProgram)
3.国家教育部博士点基金资助项目(No.)
Ph.DProgramsFoundationofMinistryofEducationofChina.
4国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(973计划)(No.)
TheMajorStateBasicResearchDevelopmentProgramofChina(973program)
5.国家“十一五”攻关项目
NationalKeyTechnologiesR&
DProgramofChinaduringthe11thFiveYearPlanPeriod(No.)
Lecture3
DescriptiveAbstract
(1)Thispaperpresentsananalysisoftheprinciplesofmagneticrefrigerationwithapplicationtoair-conditioning.Acomparisonwithconventionalevaporation-condensationgascycledeviceispresented.Conclusionsconcerningtheapplicabilityofmagneticrefrigerationtoairconditioningaremade.
(2)ThepurposeofthisprojectistomeasureenvironmentalequityinSalem,Oregon,withanaimtocontributetoagrowingbodyofliteratureconcernedwiththeunequaldistributionofenvironmentalhazards.TheprojectanalyzesimportantpreviousstudiesandthenconductsaninvestigationthatcentersaroundaseriesofGIS(GeographicInformationSystem)mapsthatrevealcorrelationsbetweenenvironmentalhazardsanddemographics(统计学),suchasraceandincomelevel.Theresultswillberevealedanddiscussed.
(3)ThePostmodernAppealofcomplementaryandAlternativemedicines(CAM)toAustralianConsumers:
AReviewoftheLiterature
Theincreasingpopularityofcomplementaryandalternativemedicines(CAM)amongsthealthconsumersandorthodoxserviceprovidersinAustraliaiswelldocumented.However,understandingsaboutthereasonsforincreasingconsumeruseofCAMinAustraliaandelsewherearepoorlydevelopedandinvitefurtherresearch.ThispaperpresentstheresultsofasystematicliteraturereviewonreasonsforCAMusebytheAustralianpopulation.Therearefourmainthemes:
1)criticismofconventionalmedicine,2)attractiontotheholisticmodel(整体模型)ofhealth,3)treatmentoptionsforchronicandterminalillness,and4)lifestylefactorswhichareidentifiedandexploredthroughsocialchangetheory,namely,globalizationandpost-modernization
(4)MechanismofAngiogenesis(血管生成)andArteriogenesis(动脉生成)
Endothelial(内皮细胞)andsmoothmusiccellsinteractwitheachothertoformnewbloodvessels.Inthisreview,thecellularandmolecularmechanisms(细胞分子机制)underlyingtheformationofendothelium-linedchannels(angiogenesis)andtheirmaturationviarecruitmentofsmoothmusclecells(arteriogenesis)duringphysiologicalandpathological(病理学的)conditionsaresummarized,alongsidewithpossibletherapeuticapplications.
InformativeAbstract
Themajorcomponentsofaninformativeabstract:
(1)Purpose
Thepurposeofthestudyintroducesthereason,theorigin,theimportanceandsignificanceofthestudyinquestion,includingthepremise,purposeandtasksandscopeoftheresearch.Thepurposesectionofaninformativeabstractmightalsocontainthehypothesisoftheexperiment.
(2)Methodology
Researchmethodspresentthemethodsortechniquesoftheresearch,includingthemodel,theory,conditions,objects,samplingmethod,samplesize,materials,technology,means,equipment,procedures(studydesign(e.g.,survey),datacollectionandanalysis.
(3)Result
Resultsreporttheresultsofthestudy,includingdata,identifiedrelationship,observationresults,effectivenessandperformanceachieved.
(4)Conclusions
Conclusionscommentonthemaincontributionorvalueoftheresearchpaper.Itincludesananalysis,comparison,evaluationoftheresearchresults(e.g.interprettheresultsassupportingornotsupportingthetheoryorhypotheses),newissuesraised,furtherstudiesofthefuture,assumptions,inspirations,recommendationsandforecasts.
当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要):
信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。
它是论文全文的高度浓缩,相当于论文的简介或概要,但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减,而是要进行深入加工。
信息性摘要要向读者介绍研究的实际方法和结果,通常应提供尽可能多的定量或定性信息,能定量表述的一定要全部定量化,仅定性描述是不够的,要充分反映论文的创新之处。
信息性摘要可以看作是指示性摘要的扩展。
Informativeabstract
(1)Thelong-termperformanceofvarioussystemswasdeterminedandtheeconomicaspectsofsolarhotwaterproductionwereinvestigatedinthiswork.Theeffectofthecollector(集热气)inclinationangle,collectorareaandstoragevolumewasexaminedforallsystems,andvariousclimaticconditionsandtheirpaybackperiodwascalculated.Itwasfoundthatthecollectorinclinationangledoesnothaveasignificanteffectonsystemperformance.Largecollectorareashaveadiminishingeffectonthesystem’soverallefficiency.Theincreaseinstoragevolumehasadetrimentaleffectforsmalldailyloadvolumes,butabeneficialonewhenthereisalargedailyconsumption.Solarenergywasfoundtobetrulycompetitivewhentheconventionalfuelbeingsubstitutediselectricity,anditshouldnotreplacediesel(柴油)oilonpureeconomicgrounds.Largedailyloadvolumesandlargecollectorareasareingeneralassociatedwithshorterpaybackperiods.Overall,thesystemsareoversizedandareeconomicallysui
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