不定式THE INFINITIVE.docx
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不定式THE INFINITIVE.docx
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不定式THEINFINITIVE
THEINFINITIVE
1.Form
Theinfinitiveisthebaseformofaverb.Itmaybeprecededby'to'(the to-infinitive) orstandalone(the baseorzeroinfinitive).
2.Infinitivewithorwithout'to'
Theto-infinitiveisused:
∙aftercertainverbs.e.g. want,wish,agree,fail,mean,decide,learn
∙aftertheauxiliaries tobeto, tohaveto,and oughtto
∙inthepattern'itis+adjective+ to-infinitive'
Examples
with'to'
∙Theelephant decided tomarry themouse
∙Themouse agreed tomarry theelephant
∙You willhave toask her
∙You are toleave immediately
∙He ought torelax
∙She has togo toBerlinnextweek
∙It'seasy tospeak English
∙Itishard tochange jobsaftertwentyyears
∙It'sstupid tobelieve everythingyouhear
without'to'
∙I wouldrather visit Rome.
∙She wouldrather live inItaly.
∙Wouldyourather eat steakorfish?
∙He wouldrather work inabank.
∙I'drather be aforestthanatree.
THEZEROINFINITIVE
Thezeroinfinitiveisused:
1.aftermostauxiliaries (e.g. must, can, should, may, might)
2.afterverbsofperception,(e.g. see, hear, feel) withthepattern verb+object+zeroinfinitive
3.aftertheverbs 'make' and 'let',withthepattern make/let+object+zeroinfinitive
4.aftertheexpression 'hadbetter'
5.aftertheexpression 'wouldrather' whenreferringtothespeaker's own actions
Examples:
Afterauxiliaries:
∙She can't speak toyou.
∙He should give hersomemoney.
∙Shall I talk tohim?
∙Would you like acupofcoffee?
∙I might stay anothernightinthehotel.
∙They must leave before10.00a.m.
Afterverbsofperception:
∙He saw her fall fromthecliff.
∙We heard them close thedoor.
∙They saw us walk towardthelake.
∙She felt thespider crawl upherleg.
Aftertheverbs'make'and'let':
∙Herparents let her stay outlate.
∙Let's go tothecinematonight.
∙You made me love you.
∙Don't make me study thatboringgrammarbook!
NOTICE thatthe 'to-infinitive' isusedwhen 'make' isinthepassivevoice:
∙I ammadetosweep theflooreveryday.
∙She wasmadetoeat fisheventhoughshehatedit.
After'hadbetter':
∙We hadbetter take somewarmclothing.
∙She hadbetter ask himnottocome.
∙You'dbetter not smile atacrocodile!
∙We hadbetter reserve aroominthehotel.
∙You'dbetter give meyouraddress.
∙They hadbetter work harder ontheirgrammar!
After 'wouldrather':
Note:
thisis ONLY whenreferringtothespeaker'sownactions-see 'wouldrather' insectionon Unrealpast.
THEINFINITIVE
NEGATIVEINFINITIVE
Toformthenegativeinfinitive,place not beforethe to- or zeroinfinitive:
e.g. nottoworry:
It'shard nottoworry aboutexams.
Examples
∙Idecided nottogo toLondon.
∙Heaskedme nottobe late.
∙Elephantsought nottomarry mice.
∙You'dbetter notsmile atthecrocodile.
∙I'drather noteat meat.
THEINFINITIVE
INFINITIVEAFTERQUESTIONWORDS
Theseverbs:
ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, understand, canbefollowedbyaquestionwordsuchas where, how, what, who, when or 'whether' +the'to-infinitive'.
Examples
∙Sheaskedme how tousethewashingmachine.
∙Doyouunderstand what todo?
∙Tellme when topressthebutton.
∙I'veforgotten where toputthislittlescrew.
∙Ican'tdecide whether towearthereddressortheblackone.
Thequestionword Why isfollowedbythe zeroinfinitive insuggestions:
Examples
∙Whywait untiltomorrow?
∙Whynotask himnow?
∙Whywalk whenwecangointhecar?
∙Whynotbuy anewbedforyourbedroom?
∙Whyleave beforetheendofthegame?
∙Whynotspend aweekinBeirutandaweekinBaghdad?
THEINFINITIVE
FUNCTION
Themostcommonusesoftheinfinitiveare:
Toindicatethepurposeorintentionofanaction(wherethe 'to' hasthesamemeaningas 'inorderto' or 'soasto'):
∙She'sgonetocollectherpaycheque.
∙Thethreebearswentintotheforesttofindfirewood.
Asthesubjectofthesentence:
∙Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.
∙Toknowheristoloveher.
(Note:
thisismorecommoninwrittenEnglishthanspoken)
Withnounsorpronouns,toindicatewhatsomethingcanbeusedfor,orwhatistobedonewithit:
∙Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?
∙Ihaven'tanythingtowear.
∙Thechildrenneedagardentoplayin.
Afteradjectivesinthesepatterns:
∙Itis+adjective+to-infinitive
Itisgoodtotalk
∙Itis+adjective+infinitive+forsomeone+to-infinitive.
Itishardforelephantstoseemice
∙Itis+adjective+infintive+ofsomeone+to-infinitive.
Itisunkindofhertosaythat.
Afteranadjective+nounwhenacommentorjudgementisbeingmade:
∙Itwasastupidplacetoparkthecar.
∙Thisistherightthingtodo.
∙Itwasanastonishingwaytobehave.
Withtooandenoughinthesepatterns:
toomuch/many(+noun)+to-infinitive
∙There'stoomuchsugartoputinthis
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