Roe VWade英文及中文Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Roe VWade英文及中文Word文档下载推荐.docx
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1Asmanyas5,000to10,000womendiedperyearfollowingillegalabortionsandmanyotherssufferedseverephysicalandpsychologicalinjury.2
Topreventwomenfromdyingorinjuringthemselvesfromunsafe,illegalorself-inducedabortions,women'
sadvocatesspearheadedcampaignstoreversecentury-oldcriminalabortionlawsinthedecadesprecedingRoe.Duringthe1960sand1970s,amovementofmedical,publichealth,legal,religiousandwomen'
sorganizationssuccessfullyurgedone-thirdofstatelegislaturestoliberalizetheirabortionstatutes.
Roev.Wadeisalandmarkdecisionthatrecognizedthattherighttomakechildbearingchoicesiscentraltowomen'
slivesandtheirabilitytoparticipatefullyandequallyinsociety.Yet,theSupremeCourt'
sdecisioninRoewasfarfromradical——itwasthelogicalextensionofHighCourtdecisionsontherighttoprivacydatingbacktotheturnofthecentury.Thedecisionisgroundedinthesamereasoningthatguaranteesourrighttorefusemedicaltreatmentandthefreedomtoresistgovernmentsearchandseizure.Infindingthattheconstitutionalrighttoprivacyencompassesawoman'
srighttochoosewhetherornottocontinueapregnancy,theHighCourtcontinuedalonglineofdecisionsrecognizingarightofprivacythatprotectsintimateandpersonaldecisions——includingthoseaffectingchild-rearing,marriage,procreationandtheuseofcontraception——fromgovernmentalinterference.
TheDecision
Inits1973decisioninRoe,theSupremeCourtrecognizedthatawoman'
srighttodecidewhethertocontinueherpregnancywasprotectedundertheconstitutionalprovisionsofindividualautonomyandprivacy.Forthefirsttime,Roeplacedwomen'
sreproductivechoicealongsideotherfundamentalrights,suchasfreedomofspeechandfreedomofreligion,byconferringthehighestdegreeofconstitutionalprotection——"
strictscrutiny"
——tochoice.
Findinganeedtobalanceawoman'
srighttoprivacywiththestate'
sinterestinprotectingpotentiallife,theSupremeCourtestablishedatrimesterframeworkforevaluatingrestrictionsonabortion.TheCourtrequiredthestatetojustifyanyinterferencewiththeabortiondecisionbyshowingthatithada"
compellinginterest"
indoingso.Restrictionsonabortionsperformedbeforefetalviability,thatistheperiodbeforeafetuscanliveoutsideawoman'
sbody,werelimitedtothosethatnarrowlyandpreciselypromotedrealmaternalhealthconcerns.Afterthepointofviability,thestatewasfreetobanabortionortakeotherstepstopromoteitsinterestinprotectingfetallife.Evenafterthatpoint,however,thestate'
sinterestintheviablefetusmustyieldtothewoman'
srighttohaveanabortiontoprotectherhealthandlife.
ImmediatelyfollowingtheRoedecision,thosewhodidnotwanttoseewomenparticipateequallyinsocietyweregalvanized.ThefarrightinitiatedapoliticalonslaughtthathasresultedinnumerousstateandfederalabortionrestrictionsandcontributedtoachangedSupremeCourt,ideologicallybentonevisceratingRoe.Therighttochoosebecamethetargetofnotonlythereligiousright,butalsoright-wingpoliticiansandjudgeswhousedtheRoedecisiontoattackthe"
judicialactivism"
oftheSupremeCourtanditspurportedfailuretoadheretothetextoftheConstitutionandthe"
ori
ginalintent"
ofitsframers.ThisbacklashreacheditspeakduringthethreetermsofPresidentsReaganandBush.Beginningin1983,theU.S.solicitorgeneralroutinelyurgedtheSupremeCourt,onbehalfofthefederalgovernment,tooverturnRoe.Inaddition,whenappointingSupremeCourtjustices,ReaganandBushusedoppositiontoRoeasalitmustest.Duringthistwelve-yearperiod,fivejustices-O'
Connor,Scalia,Kennedy,Souter,andThomas-wereappointed.Notoneofthesefive,whostillconstituteamajorityontheCourttoday,supportsthe"
standardofreviewestablishedbyRoe.
TheDismantlingofRoe
ShortlyaftertheRoedecision,statelegislaturesbeganpassinglawsinhopesofcreatingexceptionstoitoropeningupareasoflawthatRoedidnotdirectlyaddress.Nootherrighthasbeenfrontallyattackedandsosuccessfullyundermined,andallinthecourseoftwodecades——thesametwodecadesthatsustainedadvancesinotherareasofwomen'
srights,includingeducationandemployment.
Teenagerswerethefirstsuccessfultarget.In1979theCourtendorsedstatelawsthatrequiredparentalconsent,aslongastheywereaccompaniedbyacomplicatedsystemwherebyminorscouldasserttheirprivacyrightsbyrequestingahearingbeforeastatejudgeonwhethertheywere"
mature"
oranabortionwasintheirbestinterests(Bellottiv.Baird)。
ThenextassaultonRoewasdirectedatlow-incomewomen.In1980theHydeAmendment,whichprohibitedMedicaidfromcoveringmostabortions,wasupheldbytheSupremeCourtbya5-4margin(Harrisv.McRae)。
TheCourtabandonedtheneutralityrequiredinRoe,findingthat,forpoorwomen,governmentcouldpromotechildbearingoverabortion,solongasitdidsobymanipulatingwomenthroughpublicfundingschemes,notcriminallaws.
DissentinginCityofAkronv.AkronCenterforReproductiveHealth(1983),JusticeO'
ConnorcalledforaradicalerosionofRoeandproposedthatalesserstandardofconstitutionalprotectionforchoicebeestablished,calledthe"
undueburden"
standard,inplaceofthe"
test.By1989,afterthearrivalofJusticesKennedyandScaliaandtheelevationofWilliamRehnquisttochiefjustice,therewerenolongerfivevotestopreservereproductivechoiceasafundamentalconstitutionalright.TheCourt'
srulinginWebsterv.ReproductiveHealthServices(1989)demonstratedthisnewrealitywhenfivejusticesexpressedhostilitytowardRoeindifferingdegreesandessentiallycalledforstatestopasslegislationbanningabortioninordertotestthelaw.
Threeyearslater,inCasey,thestrictjudicialscrutinyestablishedinRoewasfinallyabandonedinapluralityopinionofJusticesO'
Connor,KennedyandSouter.AlthoughtheCourtsaiditwasnotoverturningRoe'
scentralpremisethatabortionisafundamentalright,theCaseydecisionreplacedtheoriginal"
standardgoverningotherfundamentalrightsfortheweakandconfusingundueburdenstandard.Thisopenedthedoortoahostofstateandfederalcriminalrestrictionsdesignedtosteerwomenawayfromabortionandtopromotetherightsofthefetusthroughoutpregnancy.Over300criminalabortionrestrictionshavebeenenactedbylegislaturesinthepastsixyearsalone,noneofwhichwouldhavebeenconstitutionalundertheoriginalRoedecision.
TheFourPillarsofRoe
TheRoeopinionwasgroundedonfourconstitutionalpillars:
(1)thedecisiontohaveanabortionwasaccordedthehighestlevelofconstitutionalprotectionlikeanyotherfundamentalconstitutionalright;
(2)thegovernmenthadtostayneutral;
legislaturescouldnotenactlawsthatpushedwomentomakeonedecisionoranother;
(3)intheperiodbeforethefetusisviable,thegovernmentmayrestrictabortiononlytoprotectawoman'
shealth;
(4)afterviability,thegovernmentmayprohi
bitabortion,butlawsmustmakeexceptionsthatpermitabortionwhennecessarytoprotectawoman'
shealthorlife.
OnlytwoofthefourRoepillarsremaintodayasaresultoftheSupremeCourt'
s1992decisioninPlannedParenthoodofSoutheasternPennsylvaniav.Casey.Thisdecisionistheculminationofasteadydeclineinconstitutionalprotectionfortherighttoprivacy.Awoman'
srighttochooseisstillconstitutionallyprotected,however,the"
standardwasjettisonedinfavorofalesserstandardofprotectionforreproductivechoicecalled"
undueburden."
UnderCasey,stateandlocallawsthatfavorfetalrightsandburdenawoman'
schoicetohaveabortionarepermitted,solongastheburdenisnot"
undue."
Nolongerdoesthestatehavetobeneutralinthechoiceofabortionorchildbearing.Nowthegovernmentisfreetopasslawsrestrictingabortionbasedon"
morality,"
acodewordforreligiousanti-abortionviews.Statesarenowpermittedtodisfavorabortionandpunishwomenseekingabortions,eventhosewhoareyoungandsick,withharassinglaws.
Roeinthe21stCentury
In2000,eightyearsaftertheCaseydecision,theCourtagreedtohearanothercasethatopenedupRoeforreexamination.Duringthatperiod,PresidentClintonhadappointedtwojustices,GinsburgandBreyer.ThefirstchallengetoRoeinthe21stcenturycameintheformofaNebraskabanonso-called"
partial-birthabortion"
broughtbytheCenterforReproductiveLawandPolicy.ThelanguageoftheNebraskaban——andthecookie-cutterversionspassedin30states——wassweepingandbroad,andcouldhaveincludedvirtuallyallabortionprocedures,eventhoseusedintheearlyweeksofpregnancy.Publicly,however,supportersofthesebanscamouflagedthisfactbyusingatermmadeupbytheNationalRight-to-Life
Committee——"
——andpretendingthatthebansweredesignedtopreventdoctorsfromusingoneparticularprocedure.
Ina5-4voteinthecaseStenbergv.Carhart(2000)
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