土木工程外文翻译原文Word下载.docx
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土木工程外文翻译原文Word下载.docx
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safety
structures.
“
factor
”,
which
according
modern
trends
independent
the
nature
combination
materials
used,
can
usually
be
defined
as
ratio
between
conditions.
This
also
proportional
inverse
probability
(
risk
)
failure
structure.
Failure
has
considered
not
only
overall
collapse
structure
but
unserviceability
or,
a
more
precise.
Common
definition.
As
reaching
limit
state
”
causes
construction
accomplish
task
it
was
designed
for.
There
are
two
categories
:
(1)Ultimate
sate,
corresponds
highest
value
load-bearing
capacity.
Examples
include
local
buckling
or
global
instability
structure;
some
sections
subsequent
transformation
into
mechanism;
by
fatigue;
elastic
plastic
deformation
creep
that
cause
substantial
change
geometry
sensitivity
alternating
loads,
fire
explosions.
(2)Service
states,
functions
use
durability
excessive
deformations
displacements
without
instability;
early
cracks;
large
vibrations;
corrosion.
Computational
used
structures
with
respect
different
conditions
separated
into:
(1)Deterministic
methods,
main
parameters
nonrandom
parameters.
(2)Probabilistic
random
Alternatively,
factors
safety,
(1)Allowable
stress
method,
stresses
computed
under
maximum
loads
compared
strength
material
reduced
given
factors.
(2)Limit
states
may
proportioned
on
basis
its
strength.
strength,
determined
rational
analysis,
shall
less
than
required
support
factored
load
equal
sum
live
dead
ultimate
).
corresponding
working
service
unfactored
prescribed
values
.
From
four
possible
combinations
first
second
we
obtain
useful
methods.
Generally,
prevail:
(1)deterministic
make
allowable
stresses.
states.
advantage
probabilistic
approaches
that,
at
least
theory,
scientifically
take
account
all
then
combined
define
factor.
depend
upon
(1)
Random
distribution
fabrication
erection
scatter
mechanical
properties
through
out
);
(2)
Uncertainty
cross-section
sand
faults
imperfections
due
(3)
predicted
acting
(4)Uncertainty
related
approximation
method
deviation
actual
from
Furthermore,
theories
mean
based
several
factors,
such
Importance
gravity
damage
failure;
(2)Number
human
lives
threatened
this
(3)Possibility
and/or
likelihood
repairing
(4)
Predicted
life
All
these
economic
social
considerations
as:
Initial
cost
construction;
Amortization
funds
for
duration
Cost
physical
Adverse
impact
society;
(5)
Moral
psychological
views.
The
definition
parameters,
factor,
allows
optimum
cost.
However,
difficulty
carrying
complete
analysis
taken
account.
For
an
laws
induced
stresses,
materials,
cross-sections
have
known.
difficult
interpret
interaction
law
because
both
material,
These
practical
difficulties
overcome
ways.
apply
necessarily
adopting
criterion.
approximate
introduces
simplifying
assumptions
semi-probabilistic
Aspartofmitigationprogramstoreducethelikelihoodofmasscasualtiesfollowinglocaldamageinstructures,theGeneralServicesAdministration[1]andtheDepartmentofDefense[2]developedregulationstoevaluateprogressivecollapseresistanceofstructures.ASCE/SEI7[3]definesprogressivecollapseasthespreadofaninitiallocalfailurefromelementtoelementeventuallyresultingincollapseofanentirestructureoradisproportionatelylargepartofit.FollowingtheapproachesproposedbyEllinwoodandLeyendecker[4],ASCE/SEI7[3]definestwogeneralmethodsforstructuraldesignofbuildingstomitigatedamageduetoprogressivecollapse:
indirectanddirectdesignmethods.Generalbuildingcodesandstandards[3,5]useindirectdesignbyincreasingoverallintegrityofstructures.IndirectdesignisalsousedinDOD[2].Althoughtheindirectdesignmethodcanreducetheriskofprogressivecollapse[6,7]estimationofpost-failureperformanceofstructuresdesignedbasedonsuchamethodisnotreadilypossible.Oneapproachbasedondirectdesignmethodstoevaluateprogressivecollapseofstructuresistostudytheeffectsofinstantaneousremovalofload-bearingelements,suchascolumns.GSA[1]andDOD[2]regulationsrequireremovalofoneloadbearingelement.Theseregulationsaremeanttoevaluategeneralintegrityofstructuresandtheircapacityofredistributingtheloadsfollowingseveredamagetoonlyoneelement.Whilesuchanapproachprovidesinsightastotheextenttowhichthestructuresaresusceptibletoprogressivecollapse,inreality,theinitialdamagecanaffectmorethanjustonecolumn.Inthisstudy,usinganalyticalresultsthatareverifiedagainstexperimentaldata,theprogressivecollapseresistanceoftheHotelSanDiegoisevaluated,followingthesimultaneousexplosion(suddenremoval)oftwoadjacentcolumns,oneofwhichwasacornercolumn.Inordertoexplodethecolumns,explosiveswereinsertedintopredrilledholesinthecolumns.Thecolumnswerethenwellwrappedwithafewlayersofprotectivematerials.Therefore,neitherairblastnorflyingfragmentsaffectedthestructure.
2.Buildingcharacteristics
HotelSanDiegowasconstructedin1914withasouthannexaddedin1924.Theannexincludedtwoseparatebuildings.Fig.1showsasouthviewofthehotel.Notethatinthepicture,thefirstandthirdstoriesofthehotelarecoveredwithblackfabric.Thesixstoryhotelhadanon-ductilereinforcedconcrete(RC)framestructurewithhollowclaytileexteriorinfillwalls.Theinfillsintheannexconsistedoftwowithes(layers)ofclaytileswithatotalthicknessofabout8in(203mm).Theheightofthefirstfloorwasabout190–800(6.00m).Theheightofotherfloorsandthatofthetopfloorwere100–600(3.20m)and160–1000(5.13m),respectively.Fig.2
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