中国文化英语教程复习课件综合版Word文档下载推荐.docx

中国文化英语教程复习课件综合版Word文档下载推荐.docx

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SoutheastAsia,thePacificOcean,theworld‘sthirdlargestcountry.

9.6millionsquarekilometers,18,000kilometers,arooster.

northernend:

Mohe,HeilongjiangProvince,

south:

ZengmuAnsha

west:

Pamirs

east:

theconjunctionoftheHeilongjiang（Amur）RiverandtheWusuli（Ussuri）River.

Boundary

East:

Korea

North:

Mongalia

Northeast:

Russia

Northwest:

Russia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan

West&

Southwest:

Afghanistan,Pakistan,India,Nepal,Bhutan

South:

Myanmar,Laos,Vietnam

Marine-sideneighborsincludeeightcountries--NorthKorea,Korea,Japan,Philippines,Brunei,Indonesia,MalaysiaandVietnam.

Topography

Terrain

--ThevastlandexpansesofChinaincludeplateaus,plains,basins,foothills,andmountains.

Laddertopography（4stepsofastaircase）

---FirstStep:

Qinghai-TibetPlateau,withanaverageelevationofabout4,000metres.Thehighestpeak：

Mt.Everest（Mt.Qomolangma）

Thesecondstep:

largebasinsandplateaus,mostofwhichare1,000-2,000metershigh.

--theInnerMongoliaPlateau;

theLoessPlateau;

theYunnan-GuizhouPlateau;

theTarimBasin;

theJunggarBasin;

theSichuanBasin.Enjoythefollowingpictures.

Thethirdstep:

thefoothillsandlowermountains,withaltitudesofover500meters.

Thefourthstep:

alongthesea;

acontinentalshelf.

RiversandLakes

Morethan50,000rivershavedrainageareasthatexceed100squarekilometers;

morethan1,500exceed1,000squarekilometers.

Famousrivers

TheYangtze,thelongestinChinaandeveninAsia,isthethird-longestintheworld.

TheYellowRiver,'

MotherRiveroftheChinesePeople'

isjustbehindtheYangtze,bothflowingintothePacificOcean.

Lakes

Middle-LowerYangtzePlainandQinghai-TibetPlateau——mostLakeshere

---InsoutheastChina,mostlakesarefreshwater.PoyangLake,DongtingLake,TaihuLakeandHongzeLakeareallfreshwaterlakes.

---QinghaiLake,thelargest,abeautifulnaturalsalt-waterlake.

NamCoLake,saltwaterlake

Man-madeCanals:

theGrandCanalbetweenBeijingandHangzhou.

Climate

Temperature（fromsouthtonorth）:

Equatorial--tropical--subtropical--warm-temperate--temperate--cold-temperatezones.

Precipitation:

gradullydeclinesfromthesouthesterntothenorthesterninlandarea.

AnOutlineHistory

Chinesepeople:

thedescendantsofYanandHuang.

ThreeSovereigns:

Fuxi（伏羲）

Nü

wa（女媧）

Shennong（神農）

Yao:

Lunarcalendar

Shun:

amanwithgreatvirtues

YutheGreat:

conqueringthefloods;

founderof

XiaDynasty

QinShiHuang:

thefirstemperorofChina

AdministrativeDivisions

Athree-tiersystem:

provinces,counties,townships.

23provinces;

5autonomousregions;

4municipalitiesdirectlyunderthecontroloftheCentralGovernment;

2specialadministrativeregions（SARs）

Population

Huge;

No.1intheworld;

Unevenlydistributed;

populationsdensity;

Thepolicyof“familyplanning”or“onechildpolicy”

Birthrate;

mortalityrate

EthnicGroups

56ethnicgroups:

Hannationalityandother

55minorityethnicgroups;

PoliticalSystem

Fundamentallaw:

TheConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina

Highestorganofstatepower:

theNPC（NationalPeople’sCongress）;

NPCanditsStandingCommitteehavetherightsoflegislation,decision,supervision,electionandremoval

Parties:

Communistparty;

eightdemocraticparties.

Executivebody:

theStateCouncil

ChinesePhilosophy

acollectivedesignationforvariousschoolsofthoughts,amongwhichtheConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhismarethemostinfluentialinChineseculture.

Oneofthethreephilosophysystemsintheworld.（theothertwo:

WesternandIndianphilosophy）

Origin:

Xia,Shang,andZhoudynasties.YiJing（"

theBookofChanges）

prosperity:

theSpringandAutumnPeriod;

theWarringStatesPeriod."

Ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend"

（百家争鸣）

TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophy

ThePhilosophyinPre-Qintimes（先子学）

TheorthodoxPhilosophyduringtheHanDynasty（两汉经学）

MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJinDynasties（晋玄学）

TheBuddhistPhilosophyduringtheSuiandTangDynasties（隋唐佛学）

Neo-ConfucianisminSongandMingDynasties（宋明理学）

ApplicationPhilosophyintheMingandQingDunasties（明清实学）

ThePhilosophyinPre-Qintimes

Hundredschoolsofthoughts（诸子百家）

Mainrepresentations:

Confucianism（儒家）;

Taoism（道家）;

Mohism（墨家）;

Legalism（法家）;

SchoolofYin-yang（阴阳家）;

Logicians（名家）;

SchoolofAgriculture（农家）;

SchoolofDiplomacy（纵横家）;

TheMiscellaneousSchool（杂家）;

Schoolof"

Minor-talks"

（小说家）;

SchooloftheMilitary（兵家）

Mostinfluential:

Confucianism（儒家）;

Legalism（法家）

Confucianism：

ConfuciusMencius

TheAnalects（LunYu）

SomewellknownConfucianquotes:

"

Toknowyourfaultsandbeabletochangeisthegreatestvirtue."

（“知错能改，善莫大焉”）

Whatyoudonotwishforyourself,donotdotoothers."

（“己所不欲，勿施于人”）

Knowledgeisrecognizingwhatyouknowandwhatyoudon'

t."

（“知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也”）

Reviewingtheday'

slessons.Isn'

titjoyful?

Friendscomefromfar.Isn'

titdelightful?

Onehasneverbeenangryatother'

smisunderstanding.Isn'

thearespectableman?

（“学而时习之，不亦说乎？

有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎?

人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？

”）

ConfucianThoughtsonHeavenandHumanity

Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.（"

天何言哉？

四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？

“）

Confucian"

Heaven"

alsohadacertainsacredelement,whichwasrelatedtoitbeingthesourceoflife.ThusConfuciusrequiredpeopletoholdHeaveninawe.

---天人合一的哲学基础。

wasnotaasupernatural,personifieddeity,butwastheworldofever-generatinglife.ThushumanshouldtaketoheartthepurposeofHeavenbycherishinglife.

ignorantanddisrespectfulofone'

sheavenlymission"

（不知天命而不畏）--“HewhooffendsagainstHeavenhasnonetowhomhecanpray"

（"

获罪于天，无所祷也”）

Question:

What'

sthesignificanceandenlightenmentofthisbelieftoourmodernsociety?

（Respectothercreature'

slife;

protectoutnature）

ConfuciusonPeople:

ren（仁）andli（礼）

ren:

Loveofpeople.（仁者爱人）;

Universallove（“泛爱众，而亲仁”）Sometranslateitas"

benevolence"

.

Toloveallshouldbeginwithlovingone'

sparents."

Filialpiety（孝）andfraternalduty（悌）aretheessenceofren.TheDoctrineoftheMean（《中庸》）quotes:

Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforone'

sparents."

（仁者，人也，亲亲为大）

“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint"

（父母在，不远游，游必有方）

Li:

rituals,traditionsandnormsinsociallife.

Confuciusplacedemphasisonliwiththeaimofpreservingsocialorder,stabilityandharmony.TheAnalectssays,"

Theroleofliistomaintainharmonyamongpeople."

（“礼之用，和为贵”）

ConfuciusontheStateofLife:

thefirstoneinChinesehistorytoinitiateprivateeducation.

3000disciples.72ofthemexcelledinthe"

sixarts“,i.e.,ritual（礼）,music（乐）,archery（射）,（carriage）driving（御）,calligraphy（书）,andmathematics（数）."

Sageofsages"

Goalofeducation:

cultivate"

personsofvirtue"

.

Generalprinciplesofeducation:

loftyideals,greatvirtue,loveofpeople,andthe"

sixarts"

.Ofthese,whichoneisthemostimportant?

Virtue.

Thehigheststateoflife:

harmonyamongpeopleandharmonybetweenpeopleandnature.

Taoism

Daodejingquotes:

♥道可道，非常道。

名可名，非常名。

　无名天地之始；

有名万物之母。

♥宠辱若惊，贵大患若身。

　　何谓宠辱若惊？

宠为下，得之若惊，失之若惊，是谓宠辱若惊。

♥上善若水。

水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。

　　居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。

夫唯不争，故无尤。

♥有物混成，先天地生。

寂兮寥兮，独立而不改，周行而不殆，可以为天地母。

吾不知其名，强字之曰道，强为之名曰大。

大曰逝，逝曰远，远曰反。

故道大，天大，地大，人亦大。

域中有四大，而人居其一焉。

人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。

Laozi'

sphilosophy:

♥NaturalnessandNon-action（自然,无为）:

"

Greatingenuityappearstobestupidity"

（大智若愚）;

♥Non-contention（不争）：

“overcomingthestrongbybeingweak"

（以柔弱胜刚强）;

Thegreatestvirtueislikewater"

（上善若水）;

”Waternourisheseverythingbutcontendsfornothing"

（水善万物而不争）

♥Returningtoanewbornstate（回到婴儿状态）

TheorthodoxPhilosophyduringtheHanDynasty

EmperorWudiDongZhongShu

Thecampaignof"

banningallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism“

（罢黜百家，独尊儒术）

ThepoweroftheemperorsareauthorizedbyHeaven（君权神授）

HeavenaffectshumanaffairsandhumanbehaviorfindsresponseinHeaven（天人感应）

Humanmoralconduct,andthepoliticalandsocialupheaval,inturn,willeffectchangesinHeaven.

MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJinDynasties

Threeprofoundstudies（三玄）"

：

TheBookofChanges（《易经》）；

LaoZi（《老子》）;

ZhuangZi（《庄子》）

Neo-ConfucianisminSongandMingDynasties

theSchoolofPrinciple（理学）:

ZhouDunyi（周敦颐）,ZhuXi（朱熹）；

theSchoolofMind（心学）:

LuJiuyuan（陆九渊）,WangShouren（王守仁）

ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingDynasties

Focuson"

self-examination"

Sticktotheapplicationofphilosophyonthestateaffairs.

TheBasicFeaturesofAncientChinesePhilosophy

Fivestresses:

Spiritualexistence;

Practice;

Morality;

Harmony;

Intuition

CharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMorality

Seekingharmonyandmaintainingequilibrium（平衡）

Collectivismoverindividualism

Spirituallifeovermateriallife

ChineseReligions:

IndigenousTaoistreligion;

Religionsofforeignorigins:

Buddhism,IslamandChristianity.

TheTaoistReligion

“TheChineserootsaredeepinTaoism.