独立从句DependentClausesWord下载.docx
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独立从句DependentClausesWord下载.docx
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inorder(that)
unless
although
insofaras
until
as
inthat
when
asfaras
lest
whenever
assoonas
nomatterhow
where
asif
nowthat
wherever
asthough
once
whether
because
provided(that)
while
before
since
why
evenif
sothat
eventhough
supposing(that)
how
than
if
that
inasmuchas
though
incase(that)
till
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhen?
Whenwilltheflowersbloom?
Answer:
whenspringarrives
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhy?
Whydidn'
tthepoorwomanhavemoney?
becauseshehadlostherjob
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringwhere?
Whereistherefire?
wherethereissmoke
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringhow?
Howdidheanswerthequestion?
asifheknewthesubjectquitewell
Exampleofadverbialclauseansweringtowhatdegree?
TowhatdegreeoflatenesswillJonesarrive?
(later)thanSmith(willarrive)
Anotherexampleofanadverbialclauseansweringtowhatdegree?
Towhatdegreeisheyoung?
(younger)thanhisbrother(is)
Commausewithadverbialclauses
Commausewithadverbialclausesdependsuponplacementoftheadverbialclause.
Iftheadverbialclauseintroducesthesentence,placeacommabetweenitandthemainclause.
Iftheadverbialclausefollowsthemainclauseinasentence,donotplaceacommabetweenthetwo.
Adjectivalclauses
Likeasingle-wordadjective,anadjectivalclausedescribesanoun(inthesentence'
whichone?
whatkind?
Anadjectivalclauseusuallybeginswitharelativepronoun,whichmakestheclausesubordinate(dependent).
Commonrelativepronouns:
that
which
who
whom
whosewhy
NOTE:
Usewho,whom,andwhosetodescribepeople.
Usethatandwhichtodescribethings.
Adjectivalclausesalwaysfollowtheperson,place,orthingtheydescribe,usuallyimmediately.
Exampleofadjectivalclauseansweringwhichone?
WhichbookdidJoeread?
theonethatIgavehim
Exampleofadjectivalclauseansweringwhatkind?
Whatkindofpoliticianhasthesupportofthepeople?
onewhoistrustworthy
Adjectivalclausesmayalsobeginwithselectedsubordinatingconjunctions:
when
-todescribeatime
where
-todescribeaplace
why-todescribeareason
Commausewithadjectivalclauses
Commausewithadjectivalclausesdependsuponessentialityoftheadjectivalclause.
Iftheadjectivalclauseisessential(or"
needed"
),nocommasshouldbeusedtoseparateitfromthemainclause.
Generally,essentialadjectivalclausesshouldnotbeginwithwhich.
Examples
Sincetheadjectivalclausesintheaboveexamplesareneededtoclarifythenounthattheydescribe,theyareessentialandshouldnotbeseparatedfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.
Iftheadjectivalclauseisnonessential(or"
notneeded"
),commasshouldseparateitfromthemainclause.
Nonessentialadjectivalclausesshouldnotbeginwiththat.
Sincetheadjectivalclausesintheaboveexamplesarenotneededtoclarifythenounthattheydescribe,theyarenonessentialandshouldbeseparatedfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.
Notethedifferencebetweenthesentencesineachpair:
NominalClauses
Likeanoun,anominalclausenamesaperson,place,thing,oridea.
Anominalclausemayfunctioninasentenceasanyofthefollowing:
Subject,
subjectivecomplement,
appositive,
objectofpreposition,directobject,
indirectobject,
retainedobject
Nominalclausesmaybeginwithinterrogatives:
who
whom
what
whoever
whomever
whatever
when
where
how
why
An
interrogativebeginninganominalclause,hasafunctionwithinthenominalclause.
Eachofthe
followingexamplesillustrates
∙
anominalclause
thefunctionofthenominalclausewithinthesentence
thefunctionoftheinterrogativewithinthenominalclause
Nominalclauseassubjectinsentence
Nominalclauseassubjectivecomplementinsentence
Nominalclauseasobjectofprepositioninsentence
Nominalclauseasdirectobjectinsentence
Nominalclauseasindirectobjectinsentence
Nominalclauseasretainedobjectinsentence
Nominalclausesmayalsobeginwithexpletives:
that
whether
if
Anexpletivebeginninganominalclausehasnofunctionwithinthenominalclause.
Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletivethat
Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletivewhether
Nominalclausebeginningwithexpletiveif
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