Unit 8 Nature and Nurture新编大学英语第二版第三册教案Word下载.docx
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Unit 8 Nature and Nurture新编大学英语第二版第三册教案Word下载.docx
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ArecentstudycarriedoutbytheColoradoAdoptionProjectonalargenumberofadoptedchildrenhasshownthepreponderanceofgeneticinheritancewithregardtopersonalityandintelligence.Otherstudieshavestressedtheimportanceoffactorsoutsidethehome,suchasneighborhoodsandone’speers.
Thedebateovertherelativeimportanceofgenesandenvironmentislikelytocontinueuntiladditionalmajordiscoveriesaremadeinthefieldofgenetics.Perhapssomeday,thegenesforshynessorforgentleness,forexample,willbeisolated.Forthemoment,commonsenseandpersonalexperiencetendtosuggestthatnatureandnurturearebothimportant,eachhavingagreaterorlessereffect,dependingbothonthecomplexityofthegeneandtheconditionsoftheenvironment.
Morefortheteachers:
Howdoyoulive?
Weallliveindifferentworlds.Nobodycanclaimthattheirlifehasbeenthesameasyours.Youmightbewealthyorpoor,amegastar,orananonymousfaceinacityofmillions.Youmayhaveanolderbrother,beanonlychild,havemixedraceparents,liveonthesunnysideofthestreet…orinanigloo.Yourgenesmakeyouunique,butsodoesyourlife.Itisdifferentfromeveryotherhumanlifeonearth.
Differentbeginnings
Fromthemomentyouwereconceivedyouhavebeendealingwithuniquesurroundings.Youmayhavehadquiteadifferentninemonthsinthewombcomparedtothatofyourbrotherorsister.Dostressedoutmothers-to-beproduceagitatedbabies?
Alinkhasbeennoticedandit’sjustonesignthatourdifferentexperiencescountfromveryearlyon.…andonceyouarebornthenjustaboutanythingcanhappen.Andalmosteverythingthatoccursduringyourchildhoodandadolescencecouldbehavinganimpactonyourhealth,yourcareerandtherelationshipsyouareformingtoday.
Blameitonthegenes?
Yourgenesincombinationwithyourearlyexperiencesoflifearehavinganenormousimpactonyou.Fromhowmanycaloriesyourequiretomaintainyourweighttoyourmusicalskillsandtalents,bothyourinheritedgeneticcodeandyourenvironmentareplayingapart.Sohowdoweknowwhattoblameourgenesfor?
Incertaininstancesitisveryclear-cut.Certaindiseasesarecausedbyasinglegene.Ifyouhaveageneforcysticfibrosisthereisnothingyoucandotocurethediseasealthoughmuchcannowbedonetorelievethesymptoms.EyeColortooisaproductofourgenesandcanbechangedonlyinappearancewithcontactlenses.
Inmostcasesthough,theroleourgenesareplayingandhowpowerfultheirinfluenceisisunclear.Yourweight,intelligenceandpersonalityareinfluencedbymanydifferentgenesbutalsobyyourenvironment.Scientistsareonlyjustbeginningtounderstandtheroleourgenesplayinthesevery
complicatedareas.
TwinsBiology
Therearetwotypesoftwins,theidenticaltwinscalledmonozygoticandthefraternaltwinscalleddizygotic.Sothetermtwinsjustindicatestwochildrenborntogether.
Atwinbirthoccursevery100normalbirths.
Inallcasesoftwinsthereisageneticpredisposition:
insomefamiliestwinbirthsareparticularlyfrequent.
IdenticalTwins"
monozygotic"
Identicaltwinsarebornfromthesameeggwhichsplitsintwoafterconception.Thisisararercasethatoccursin30%oftwins.
ThesetwinshaveidenticalDNAand,therefore,theyarephysicallyalmostidenticalandmustbeofthesamebloodgroupandsex.Inthiscaseusuallythetwofetusessharethesameplacenta(胎盘)buthavedifferentamnions(羊膜).Insomecasestheycanhaveevenaseparateplacentaorshareboththeplacentaandtheamnions,onlyinthislastcase
malformationssuchasSiamesetwinscanoccur.
FraternalTwins"
dizygotic"
Fraternaltwinsarebornfromtwodifferenteggsanddevelopseparatelyindifferentamnionsanddifferentplacentas,sometimesinthesameplacentabuttheamnionsarealwaysdifferent;
they
havedifferentDNAsotheycanbeofdifferentsexesandcanhavedifferentbloodgroups.Fraternaltwinsaremorecommonandoccurinabout70%oftwins.
Fraternaltwinsarecommonlycalled“falsetwins,”becausefromageneticpointofviewtheyarelikebrothersorsisters,
onlytheyarebornatthesametime.
PartOnePreparation
1.TalkingaboutTwins
Samples
1)Iknewasetoftwinsinmyclassinthemiddleschool.Theylookedalikeandusuallydressedalikesoweoftengotthemmixedup.Theywereveryclosetoeachotherandcouldexchangetheirideasquickly.Buttheyhadquitedifferentpersonalities:
onewasshy,quiet,andself-consciouswhiletheotherwasself-confidentandoptimistic.
2)Ithinkit’sbecausetherearen’tmanytwinsaroundus.Peoplearealwayscuriousaboutthingsthattheyrarelysee.Anotherreasonfortheircuriosityisprobablythattwinsresembleeachother,whichisveryunusualamongotherpeople.
3)—Theymustbeproudbecausetheyaredifferentfromothers.
—Theymayfeelhappybecausetheycanenjoyeachother’scompanyathome.
—Theymayfeellonelybecauseitisdifficulttomakefriendswithotherpeople.
—Theymayfeelboredanddiscouragedbecauseeverydaytheywillseethemirrorimageofthemselves.
2.Nature,NurtureorBoth
1)Natureandnurture:
Apersoncanhavenaturaltalents,butmasteryalwaystakessomeeffort.Youhavetotrytosucceed.
2)Nature:
Nomatterwhatthehairdo(hairstyle)is,theirhairlinesstaythesame.Thistraitisduetothegenesthatthemotherpassedontoherson.
3)Nature:
There’snothingwrongwithJulie’snose.Somepeoplehavethegenestosmellfreesia,othersdon’t.
4)Nurture:
Areyouwildaboutmysteries?
Adventures?
Biographies?
Yourtastesmaybedeterminedbythebooksthatareavailableinyourhomeorschool.
5)Nurture:
Somebody’sfavoriteclothesandcolorcanchangeasquicklyasthecoverofastylemagazine.Youmightsayit’sduetotheJEANS,nottheGENES.
6)Nature:
Lookattheirmother’searlobes.Genesdeterminewhetheraperson’searlobesareattachedordetached.
7)Natureandnurture:
Yourpersonalityisn’tdeterminedonlybygenes.Therearealotofotherfactorsthatmakeyouwhoyouare,suchaswhereyouliveandthepeopleyoumeet.
8)Natureandnurture:
Practicemakesperfect!
Melissaearnedherpositionasclasschampbecausesheusesherathleticabilityandworkssohard.
3.Whatmakesuswhoweare?
1)expected
2)conclude
3)account
4)nurture
5)argues
6)myth
7)predetermin
8)react
9)consequences
10)revolution11)between
12)creature
PartTwoReading-CenteredActivities
In-ClassReading
I.Pre-Reading
Sample
Theconclusionisnotjustifiedbecausethesetsoftwinsstudiedsharednotonlythesamegenesbutalsothesameenvironment.Thesimilaritiesarenotdueentirelytogenessinceenvironmentalsoplaysarole.
II.PassageReading
Words,PhrasesandGrammaticalPoints
1.history(l.14)
Thewordisusedhereasacountablenoun,meaning“arecordofsomethingthathasaffectedsomeoneorbeendonebytheminthepast”.Wehavephraseslikemedical/employment/career,etc.history.
Ifeellikeapartofmyhistoryhasbeentakenaway.
2.infancy(l.19)
Thewordisoftenusedinitsfigurativesense,meaning“thebeginningorearlyperiodofexistence”.
I)Researchinthisfieldisstillinitsinfancy.
II)Tourismontheislandisstillverymuchinitsinfancy.
3.remove(l.25)
Thewordhasseveralmeanings.Themajoronesarelistedbelow.
1)takeaway(fromaplace)ortaketoanotherplace
I)Thepaintingswereremovedtoamu
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