欧洲文化入门笔记Word下载.docx
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欧洲文化入门笔记Word下载.docx
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10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.
11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus
《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》
②Sophocles(之首)
《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)447页
③Euripides
A.《TrojanWomen》
B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮,属于存在主义戏剧的人物
C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)
D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.
Tobespecific(具体来说),Euripides.
12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页
Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派(Thelakers)华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)
13、History(Historicalwriting)史学创作
※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)
ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒,3
只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。
※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最伟大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta,AthensandSyracuse)
14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.
15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)
16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收17、①Euclid‘sElements解析几何
ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(历史地位)
②Archimedes
Hisworknotonlyingeometry几何学,butalsoinarithmetic算术,machanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学
选择:
Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论(Archimedes)
18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙①TheDoricstyle
isalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏伟的)
buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)
issturdy(坚强的),powerful,severelooking(庄严肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.
②TheIonicstyle
isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(阴柔的)
isgraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的)。
TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)
③TheCorinthianstyle
isknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)
19、Thefamoustemples:
TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.
20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.
21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(
窗体顶端
窗体底端
罗马征服希腊的标志)
22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.
Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.
23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.
24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。
25、Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.
26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:
republicandempire.
27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato‘srepublic.
28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.
29、north:
Scotlandeast:
ArmeniaandMesopotamia
30、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)
31、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)
32、名解IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana
33、TheRomanLawprotected(保护)therightsofplebeians(平民)。
34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.
35、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.
36、Cicero西赛罗helegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词
describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的
anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)
37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries批评论“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”
38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德
39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.
Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所
40、TheColosseum(大理石像)it‘sanenormous.露天的环形影剧院
41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)
42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式
43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式
论述简答
一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece?
(名解简答)
(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece?
Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy?
)
答:
①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.
②Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.
二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?
①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.
②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.
A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.
B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.
C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.
③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.
④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.
⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.
三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?
(1)、Threefounders
1、Pythagoras①Allthingswerenumbers.
②Scientificmathematics.
③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论
2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源
②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一
3、Democritus①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者
②materialism.唯物主义
(2)、Threethinkers
1、Socrates①Hehadn‘tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.
②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.
2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.
②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.
3、Aristotle①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.
②Aristotleisahumanist.
(2)、Fivecontendingschools
1、TheSophists诡辩派
①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.
②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论
③Hisdoctrine教义is“manisthemeasureofallthings”。
人是衡量一切的标准
2、TheCynics犬儒派
①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.
②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.
③Heproclaimed宣扬hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.权利
3、TheSceptics置疑学派
①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.
②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可获得的,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.
4、TheEpicureans享乐派
①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.选择:
根据领导者的名字直接命名
②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensual肉欲enjoyment.享乐
Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通过实行道德获得
Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子
5、TheStoics斯多哥派
①UndertheleadershipofZeno.
②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.
Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艰难andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇气
DevelopedintoStoics‘duty.
Hewasalsoamaterialist.
四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished?
(WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?
DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive综合的systemofphilosophy?
)
1、Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever—changingworld,menweretoattain获得knowledge.
2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.
3、Idealisticofphilosophy.
4、ManyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.(吸收到基督教的思想中)
五、What‘sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)?
1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasized(强调)directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.(理论联系实际)ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘sreliance(依赖)onsubjectivethinking.(万物依赖主观思维)
2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(具体的)individual(个别的)realities.(物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意识高于物质)
3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.(善良和期待)
一句话简答题Whatshouldbeman‘saiminlife?
Aristotle‘sanswerwas:
happiness.
六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?
(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert运用ontheworldcivilization文化?
Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement兴奋aboutclassical经典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere别处。
RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.
1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神
TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;
Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反对tomere纯粹的annals历史
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