医学英语教程Chapter 1Word文件下载.docx
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医学英语教程Chapter 1Word文件下载.docx
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ri:
θrə]isthetubeleadingfromtheurinarybladdertotheoutsideofthebody,whereasaureter['
juəri:
tə]isoneoftwotubeseachleadingfromasinglekidneyandinsertingintotheurinarybladder.Figure1-1illustratesthedifferencebetweentheurethraandtheureters.
II.WordAnalysis
Studyingmedicalterminologyisverysimilartolearninganewlanguage.Atfirst,thewordssoundstrangeandcomplicated,althoughtheymaystandforcommonlyknownEnglishterms.Forexample,thetermotalgiameans“earache,”andanophthalmologistisan“eyedoctor.”
Yourfirstjobinlearningthelanguageistounderstandhowtodividewordsintotheircomponentparts.Logically,mostterms,whethercomplexorsimple,canbebrokendownintobasicpartsandthenunderstood.Forexample,considerthefollowingterm:
HEMATOLOGYHEMAT/O/LOGY
Rootsuffix
combiningvowel
Therootisthefoundationoftheword.Allmedicaltermshaveoneormoreroots.Forexample,theroothematmeansblood.
Thesuffixisthewordending.Allmedicaltermshaveasuffix.Thesuffix-logymeansstudyof.
Thecombiningvowel(usuallyo)linkstheroottothesuffixortheroottoanotherroot.Acombiningvowelhasnomeaningofitsown;
itonlyjoinsonewordparttoanother.
Itisusefultoreadthemeaningofmedicaltermsstartingfromthesuffixandmovingbacktothebeginningoftheterm.Thus,thetermhematologymeansstudyofblood.
Hereisanotherfamiliarmedicalterm:
ELECTROCARDIOGRAMELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
rootrootsuffix
Therootelectrmeanselectricity.
Therootcardimeansheart.
Thesuffix-grammeansrocord.
Theentirewordmeansrecordoftheelectricityintheheart.
Noticethattherearetwocombiningvowelsinthisterm.Theylinkthetworoots(electrandcardi)aswellastheroot(cardi)andsuffix(-gram).
Tryanotherterm:
GASTRITISCASTR/ITIS
rootsuffix
Therootgastrmeansstomach.
Thesuffix–itismeansinflammation.
Theentireword,readingfromtheendoftheterm(suffix)tothebeginning,meansinflammationofthestomach.
Notethatthecombiningvowel,o,ismissinginthisterm.Thisisbecausethesuffix,-itis,beginswithavowel.Thecombiningvowelisdroppedbeforeasuffixthatbeginswithavowel.Itisretained,however,betweentworoots,evenifthesecondrootbeginswithavowel.Considerthefollowingterm:
GASTROENTEROLOGYGASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
Therootentermeansintestines.
Thesuffix–logymeansstudyof.
Theentiretermmeansstudyofthestomachandintestines.
Noticethatthecombiningvowelisusedbetweengastrandenter,eventhoughthesecondroot,enter,beginswithavowel.Whenatermcontainstwoormorerootsrelatedtopartsofthebody,anatomicalpositionoftendetermineswhichrootgoesbeforetheother.Forexample,thestomachreveivesfoodfirst,beforethesmallintestine,thusgastroenteritis,notenterogastritis.
Insummary,rememberthreegeneralrules:
1.Readthemeaningofmedicaltermsfromthesuffixbacktothebeginningofthetermandacross.
2.Dropthecombiningbowel(usuallyo)beforeasuffixbeginningwithavowel:
gastritisnotgastroitis
3.Keepthecombiningvowelbetweentworoots:
gastroenterologynotgastrenterology.
Inadditiontotheroot,suffix,andcombiningvowel,twootherwordpartsarecommonlyfoundinmedicalterms.Thesearethecombiningformandprefix.Thecombiningformissimplytherootplusthecombiningvowel.Forexample,youarealreadyfamiliarwithfollowingcombiningformsandtheirmeaning:
HEMAT/Omeansblood
root+combiningvowel=COMBININGFORM
GASTR/Omeansstomach
root+combiningvowel=COMBININGFORM
CARDI/Omeansheartion.
Combiningformsareusedwithmanydifferentsuffixs.Rememberingtheexactmeaningofacombiningformwillhelpyouunderstanddifferentmedicalterms.
Theprefixisasmallpartthatisattachedtothebeginningofaterm.Notallmedicaltermscontainprefixes,buttheprefixcanhaveanimportantinfluenceonmeaning.Considerthefollowingexamples:
SUB/GASTR/ICmeanspertainingtounderthestomach
Prefixrootsuffix
(under)(stomach)(pertainingto)
EPI/GASTR/ICmeanspertainingtoabovethestomach
(above)(stomach)(pertainingto)
Insummary,theimportantelementsofmedicaltermsarethefollowing:
Root+combiningvowel=combiningform.Suffix,prefix.
Root:
foundationoftheterm.
Suffix:
wordending.
Prefix:
wordbeginning
Combiningwovel:
vowel(ususallyo)thatlinkstheroottothesuffixortheroottoanotherroot.
Combiningform:
combinationoftherootandthecombiningvowel.
III.CombiningForms,Suffix,andPrefixes
Inpreviousexamplesyouarebeenintroducedtothecombiningformsgastr/o(stomach),hemat/o(blood),andcardi/o(heart).Thefollowinglistcontainsnewcombiningforms,suffixes,andprefixeswithexamplesofmedicalwordsusingthosewordparts.Yourjobistowritethemeaningofthemedicalterminthespaceprovided.Asyoudothis,youmaywishtodividethetermitscomponentpartsbyusingslashes(e.g.,aden/oma).
Ifyouhaveaquestionaboutthecorrectpronunciationofaterm,consultthePronunciationofTermssectionattheendofeachchapter.Inaddition,theCD-ROMthataccompaniesthistextcontainsthepronunciationsofmosttermsonthePronuncitionofTermslists.Althoughmostmedicaltermscanbedividedintocomponentpartsandunderstood,othersdefysimpleexplanation.Thistextprovidesadditionalinformationwhenthosetermsareintroduced,butyoumaywishtoconsultamedicaldictionaryaswell.
Totestyourunderstandingofwordpartsandterminologyinthischapter,completetheexercisesonpages14to22andcheckyouranswersonpage23to25.Then,asafinalreview,givethemeaningsforthecombiningforms,suffixes,andprefixesontheReviewSheet,pages29and30.
Writethemaningsofthemedicaltermsthatfollowinthespacesprovided.Thenotesinitalicsbelowthetermswillhelpyoudefinethem.Simpledefinitionsarebest.Thefirstonehasbeenfilledinasanexample.
CombiningForms
Combiningformmeaningterminologymeaning
aden/oglandadenomatumorofagland
Thesuffix–omatumorormass
adenitis____________________
Thesuffix–itismeansinflammation
arthr/ojointarthritis_____________________
bi/olifebiology____________________
biopsy______________________
Thesuffix–opsymeansprocessofviewing.Livingtissueisremovedfromthebodyandviewedunderamicroscope.
carcin/ocancerous,cancercarcinoma______________________
Acarinomaisacanceroustumor.Carcinomasgrowfromepithelialcellsthatcovertheoutsideofthebodyandlineorgans,cavities,andtubeswithinthebody
cardi/oheartcardiology__________________________
cephal/oheadcephlic_________________________
Tuesuffix–icmeanspertainingto.Ifaninfantisbornwithitsheaddeliveredfirst,itisacephalicpresentation
cerebr/ocerebrumcerebral_________________________
Thesuffix–almeanspertainingto.Acerebrovascularaccidentoccurswhendamagetobloodvesselsinthecerebrumcausesinjurytonervecellsofthebrain.Thisconditionisalsocalledastroke
cis/otocutincision_____________________________
Theprefixin-meansintoandthesuffix–ionmeansprocess
excision________________________
Theprefixex-meansout
crin/osecreteendocrineglands____________________
Theprefixendo-meanswithin;
endocrine
glandssecretehormonesdirectlywithinthebloodstream.Otherglands,calledexocrineglands,secretechemi
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