美浪漫主义时期Word文档格式.docx
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美浪漫主义时期Word文档格式.docx
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了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等;
同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
Ⅱ。
本章重点及难点:
1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点
2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。
3.分析讨论选读作品
Ⅲ。
本章考核知识点和考核要求:
1.美国浪漫主义时期概述
(1)“识记”内容:
美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景
(2)“领会”内容:
美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现
a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响
b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证
(3)“应用”内容:
清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释
2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家
A.华盛顿。
欧文
1.一般识记:
欧文的生平及创作主涯
2.识记:
《纽约外史》《见闻札记》
3.领会:
欧文的创作领域、创作思想,及其作品的艺术风格
4.应用:
选读《瑞普。
凡。
温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色
B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生
爱默生的生平及创作生涯
爱默生的超验主义思想
(1)爱默生的散文:
《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等
(2)爱默生与梭罗:
梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》
4.应用:
《论自然》节选:
爱默生的基本哲学思想及自然观
C.纳撒尼尔。
霍桑
霍桑的生平及创作主涯
霍桑的长短篇小说
(1)《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构
(2)霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响(人性本恶的观点)
(3)霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献
选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色
D.华尔特。
惠特曼
惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯
惠特曼的民主思想
(1)惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格
(2)惠特曼的个人主义
选读《草叶集》诗选:
“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格
E.赫尔曼。
麦尔维尔
麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯
麦尔维尔的早期作品:
《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》,后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等
《白鲸》的
(1)主题:
表层及深层意义
(2)小说结构:
浪漫主义和现实主义的统一
(3)象征手法和寓言的运用
(4)语言特色
选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选:
主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色
ChapterlTheRomanticPeriod
(一)“识记”内容:
1.TheoriginofRomanticAmericanliterature
TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthe historyofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.
2.TheAmericanRenaissanceorNewEnglandRenaissanceisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,fromthei830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWar.Itcameofageasanexpressionofanationalspirit.OneofthemostimportantinfluencesintheperiodwasthatoftheTranscendentalists,includingRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau.TheTranscendentalistscontributedtothefoundingofanewnationalculturebasedonnativeelements.ApartfromtheTranscendentalists,thereemergedduringthisperiodgreatimaginativewriters——NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman——whosenovelsandpoetryleftapermanentimprintonAmericanliterature.
3.Itssocialhistoricalandculturalbackground
ThedevelopmentoftheAmericansocietynurtured"
theliteratureofagreatnation."
Americawasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.Historically,itwasthetimeofwestwardexpansioninAmericaeconomically,thewholenationwasexperiencinganindustrialtransformation.Politically,democracyandequa1itybecametheidealofthenewnation,andthetwo-partysystemcameintobeing.Worthyofmentionistheliteraryandculturallifeofthecountry.WiththefoundingoftheAmericanIndependentGovernment,thenationfeltanurgetohaveitsownliteraryexpression,tomakeknownitsnewexperiencethatothernationsdidnothave:
theearlyPuritansettlement,theconfrontationwiththeIndians,thefrontiersmen'
'
slife,andthewildwest.Besides,thenation’sliterarymilieuwasreadyfortheRomanticmovementaswe11.Thus,withastrongsenseofoptimism,aspectacularoutburstofromanticfeelingwasbroughtaboutinthefirstha1fofthe19thcentury.
4.Majorwritersofthisperiod
Thereemergedagreathostofmenoflettersduringthisperiod,amongwhomthebetter-knownarepoetssuchasPhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWordsworthLongFellow,JamesRusselLowell,JohnGreenleafWhitter,EdgarEllenPoe,and,especially,WaltWhitman,whoseLeavesOfGrassestablishedhimasthemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe19thcentury.ThefictionoftheAmericanRomanticperiodisanoriginalanddiversebodyofwork.ItrangesfromthecomicfablesofWashingtonIrvingtotheTheGothictalesofEdgarAllenPoe,fromthefrontieradventuresofJamesFenimoreCoopertothenarrativequestsofHermanMelville,fromthepsycho1ogicalromancesofNathanielHawthornetothesocialrealismofRebeccaHardingDavis.
(二)领会内容
1.TheimpactofEuropeanRomanticismonAmericanRomanticism
Foreignliterarymasters,especiallytheEnglishcounterpartsexertedastimulatingimpactonthewritersofthenewworld.Bornofonecommonculturalheritage,theAmericanwriterssharedsomecommonfeatureswiththeEnglishRomanticists.Theyrevoltedagainsttheliteraryformsandideasoftheperiodofclassicismbydevelopingsomerelativelynewformsoffictionorpoetry.
(1)Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.
(2)TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.
(3)ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.
(4)Theliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrving’sefforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregion,andinCooper’slongseriesofhistoricaltales.
(5)Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.
2.TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism
AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.Forexamp1e,
(1)theAmericannationalexperienceof"
pioneeringintothewest"
provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'
slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmoral1aw.
(2)ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.SuchadesireisparticularlyevidentinCooper’sLeatherStockingTales,inThoreau'
sWaldenand,later,inMarkTwain’sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.(3)WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.(4)ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.(5)Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.
(三)应用内容
1.TheAmericanPuritanismanditsgreatinfluenceoverAmericanmoralvalues,asisshowninAmericanromanticwritings.
(1)AmericanPuritanism
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.(ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch,whocameintoexistenceinthereignsQueenElizabethandKingJamesⅠ。
ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.TheycametoAmericaoutofvariousreasons,butitshouldberememberedthattheywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.TheyfeltthattheChurchofEnglandwastooclosetotheChurchofRomeindoctrineformofworship,andorganizationofauthority.)TheAmericanPuritans,liketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtocomplete"
purity"
.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.ButinthegrimstruggleforsurvivalthatfollowedimmediatelyaftertheirarrivalinAmerica,theybecamemoreandmorepractical,asindeedtheyhadtobe.Puritanswerenotedforaspiritofmoralandreligiousearnestnessthatdeterminatedtheirwholewayoflife.Puritans'
liveswereextremelydisciplinedandhard.Theydroveoutoftheirsettlementsallthoseopinionsthatseemeddangeroustothem,andhistoryhascriticizedtheiractions.Yetinthepersecutionofwhattheyconsiderederror,thePuritanswerenoworsethanmanyothermovementsinhistory.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmindandAmericanvalues.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaconspicuouslynoticeableandanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.
(2)OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.
2.NewEnglandTranscendentalism
NewEnglandTranscendentalismisthemotclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiod.ItwasstartedintheareaaroundConcord,Mass.byagroupofintellectualandtheliterarymenoftheUnitedStatessuchasEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauwhoweremembersofaninformal
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