上外3 Unit 8要点 大学英语综合教程Word下载.docx
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上外3 Unit 8要点 大学英语综合教程Word下载.docx
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4.Dollythesheepwasgrowninatest-tube.(F)
(=Althoughthecloningprocesstakesplaceinlabconditions,theembryohastobetransferredintoasurrogatemothertodevelopintoawholeanimal.)
5.Clonedanimalshavethesamepersonalityastheir“parent”.(F)
(=Clonedanimalsmayormaynothavethesamepersonalityastheirparent—personalityispartlydeterminedbytheenvironment.)
6.Ifyouclonedyourself—theclonewouldbethesameageasyouare.(F)
(=Ifyouclonedyourself,theclonewouldbeginlikeanyotherbabyasasingle-celledorganismandtakeninemonthsbeforeitwasborn.)
TypesofCloning
Creation
Genecloning
ItcreatescopiesofgenesorsegmentsofDNA.
Reproductivecloning
Itcreatescopiesofwholeanimals.
Therapeuticcloning
Itcreatesembryonicstemcells.
PartDivisionoftheText
Parts
Para(s)
MainIdeas
1
1~4
ThewriterrelatesunderwhatcircumstancesthestemcellresearchcompanyStemagenwassetup.
2
5~23
Thewritergivesanaccountoftheirresearcheffortstowardthegoalofcreatinglinesofembryonicstemcellsusingaprocessknownastherapeuticcloning.
3
24~27
Thewritertellsabouthisattitudetowardscriticismsagainstusingembryosforscientificresearch.
ReproductivecloningVSTherapeuticcloning
Purpose
Effects
(=Tocreateanexactcopyofananimalorhumanthatalreadyexistsorhasexisted)
Themajorityofreproductiveclonesareabnormal,withveryhighmiscarriagerates,veryhighstillbirthrates,fetalanomalies,deathsoonafterbirth,etc.
Toharvestembryonicstemcellsforuseinmedicaltreatments
(=Therapeuticcloningdoesnotinvolveanytypeofrisktohumanlifeandactuallyprovidestremendouspotentialforthereliefofsufferinginhumanbeings.)
I.DifficultSentences
1.Sadly,shedevelopedcomplicationsrelatedtodiabetes.Whenshelosthereyesightandmostofherabilitytowalk,itwasabsolutelyhorrifyingforme.
Whatdoes“complications”specificallyreferto?
(=Itreferstothediseasesderivedfromdiabetes,likethelossofeyesightandbeingunabletomove.)
(=不幸的是,她患上了糖尿病引起的并发症。
当她丧失视力和大部分行走能力时,我惊恐万状。
)
2.IfoundedthestemcellresearchcompanyStemagenwithanothergentlemanwhosefatherhaddiedofALS.
Whatisincommonbetweenthetwofounders?
(=Theybothlosttheirparenttoaterribledisease.)
3.Itwouldjustbeabsolutelywrongtotakeahumanbeingandputthemthroughwhatmaywellinvolvesignificantsufferingforreallynogoodend.
1)Whatistherealsubjectofthesentence?
(=“totakeahumanbeingandputthemthroughwhatmaywellinvolvesignificantsufferingforreallynogoodend”.)
2)WhatisDr.Woodtalkingabout?
(=He’stalkingabouttheterribleaspectsofreproductivecloning.)
4.Ontheotherhand,therapeuticcloningdoesnotinvolveanytypeofrisktohumanlifeandactuallyprovidestremendouspotentialforthereliefofsufferinginrealhumanbeingswhoaregoingthroughsomeawfulthings.
1)Whatare“someawfulthings”?
(=Terriblepaingeneratedbydiseases.)
2)WhatisDr.Wood’sattitudetowardstherapeuticcloning?
(=Heholdsapositiveattitudetowardsit.)
5.There’sreallynoeffectivewayforanindividualscientisttostopsomeoneelsefromusingtheknowledgeforsomethingtheyshouldn’t.
1)Whatdoes“somethingtheyshouldn’t”mean?
(=Itmeanshumanreproductivecloning.)
2)AccordingtoDr.Wood,isitpossibletostophumanreproductivecloning?
(=No.Hehonestlythinksthatsomeonewillattempthumanreproductivecloningandthereisnowaytostopit.)
6.Iwouldhopethatthelegislationthat’sinplaceandthegreatpublicdisapprovalthatwouldresultfromanyattempttocloneahumanwoulddissuadeanyonefromgoingdownthatpath.
1)Paraphrase“legislationthat’sinplace”.(=Appropriatelegislation.)
2)Whatisthepublicagainst?
(=Thepublicisagainsttheattempttocloneahuman.)
7.Intheendwedecidedthatwewantedtoputahumanfaceoncloning.
1)Paraphrasethesentence.(=Atlastwedecidedthatwewantedtoassociatecloningwithaspecificpersonsoastomakeitveryreal.)
2)WhydidDr.Woodandhisresearchgroupputahumanfaceoncloning?
(=Becausebydoingso,theycouldmakecloningveryrealsothatpeoplearoundtheworldknowthatcloningiscomingalong.)
8.WhenIlookeddownandsawthatclonedblastocyst,itbroughttearstomyeyes.
1)HowdidDr.Woodfeelatthattime?
(=Hefeltveryexcitedandemotional.)
2)Whydidthesightoftheclonedblastocystbringtearstohiseyes?
(=Becausetheresearchwasdoneforhismother,andherealizedthatifshehadonlybeenabletoliveafewyearslonger,maybetheycouldhaveusedthistechnologytohelpher.)
9.Wewouldhavelovedtohavebeenabletoavoiddestroyingthem.
1)What’sthegrammaticalfeatureofthissentence?
(=Thesubjunctivemood.)
2)HowdidDr.Woodthinkaboutdestroyingthem?
(=Hethoughtitwasapity.)
10.Itdoesn’tmakesensetomethatit’ssuchanemotionalandcontentioustopic.
1)Dopeoplealreadyhaveanagreementonthistopic?
(=No.It’sstilldisputable.)
2)WhydoesDr.Woodarguethatitdoesn’tmakesensetomaketheirworkanemotionalandcontentioustopic?
(=Becausehethinksthatlogically.Accordingtohim,anembryoisnotlife,althoughitisapotentiallife.Thevastmajorityofembryosneverbecomelife—theyjustgenerate,don’timplantanddie.)
II.Words&
Expressions
clone:
1.n.agroupofgeneticallyidenticalcellsororganismsderivedfromasinglecellorindividualbysomekindofasexualreproduction
-Researchersproducedclonesfromadultmicein1998.
2.v.makemultipleidenticalcopiesof
-Thedebatecontinuesoverwhetheritisethicallyrighttocloneahumanembryo.
-Manycarslookalikebecausetheirmakersclonedtheircompetitors’designs.
brilliant:
adj.ofsurpassingexcellence
-Hehasgotbrilliantachievementsinthefieldofphysics.
-她很有才华,但工作缺乏条理。
(=Sheisbrilliantbutherworklacksorganization.)
CF:
bright,clever&
brilliant这三个词都是形容词,都有“聪明的”、“才思敏捷的”之意。
bright是普通用语,多指年轻人或小孩,常用于口语,书写语言不宜多用。
强调理解力强,思维非常活跃,谈话与态度也活泼生动。
例如:
-Ihaveamongmystudentsanumberofverybrightyoungsters.(=我的学生当中有许多十分聪明的孩子。
clever更强调天生的聪颖,有较高的理解力、思维敏捷、思路灵活,接受新东西快,但不强调理解得深刻全面。
这个词也指灵活的双手与矫健的身躯。
-Itwascleverofyoutothinkofthat.(=你想到了那一点,真聪明。
brilliant指才华出众,超乎寻常的聪明,能解决各种复杂问题且游刃有余,获得普遍赞赏。
-Allhiscolleaguesconsiderhimabrilliantsurgeon.(=他的同行都认为他是一位杰出的外科医生。
complication:
n.
1)anydiseaseordisorderthatoccursduringthecourseof(orbecauseof)anotherdisease
-Complicationssetin,andthepatientdied.
2)theactorprocessofcomplicating
-Thecarranoutpetrol,andasafurthercomplication,Ihadnomoney!
-更麻烦的是他不肯坐飞机旅行。
(=Afurthercomplicationwashisrefusaltotravelbyair.)
fraud:
1)intentionaldeceptionresultingininjurytoanotherperson
-Thousandsofcreditcardfraudsarecommittedeveryyear.
-Hecombedthroughthefilessearchingforevidenceoffraud.
2)apersonwhomakesdeceitfulpretenses
-Hesaidhewasaninsurancesalesman,butlatershediscoveredhewasafraud.
deception,fraud&
trickery这三个词都是名词,都有“欺骗”之意。
deception应用范围极广,可指从小到大的多种欺骗行为。
语气最温和时,它指必要的危害不大的欺骗行为。
它最令人反感的意思是指为了私利而行骗。
fraud常指“复杂的、非个人的,对来者或一般公众的欺骗行为”,着重指官方的欺骗行为或财政舞弊。
“fraud”有时也用于认为无用东西的夸张描写。
trickery在语气上比“deception”更严厉,用于个人或公众的行为,指以有步骤的诡计来追求私利或达成目的。
Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.
1.Alanddevelopmentfraudbankruptedadozenofelderlycouples.
2.Itwasaninnocentdeception,meantasajoke.
3.Shereferredtothepillsassweets,aharmlessdeceptionthatmadeiteasiertoadministerthemtothechild.
4.Thefilmwasatotalfraud.
5.Theypracticedtrickeryontheirfair-weatherfriendsinordertoseemricherandmorefamousthantheywere.
focuson:
centerupon
-Hehasgivenuprunninginordertofocusonthelongjump.
-我们将集中讨论自由和必要性之间的关系这一问题。
(=We’regoingtofocusontherelationshipbetweenfreedomandnecessity.)
standpoint:
n.amentalpositionfromwhichthingsareviewed
-Let’slookatthisfromahistoricalstandpoint.
-Hasthematterbeenviewedfromthetaxpayers’standpoint?
issue:
n.pointinquestion,importanttopicfordiscussion
-Don’tworryaboutwhowilldoit—that’sjustasideissue.
-我们之间毫无问题。
(=Therewasnoissueatallbetweenus.)
problem,question&
issue这三个词都是名词,都有“问题”之意。
problem是客观存在的等待解决的问题,着重困难,有
时指要求解答的题目。
-Howtoexploitthenaturalresourcesofourcountryisacomplicatedproblem.(=如何开发我国的自然资源是一个复杂的问题。
question是对某事怀疑因而提出等待“回答”的问题,着重疑惑和不能断定。
-Whichwayisbetterstillremainsanopenquestion.(=哪个办法好仍是一个未能肯定的问题。
issue是指意见不能达成一致的“问题”,着重分歧和争端。
-Canyoudistinguishthemajorissuesfromth
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