大学外贸英语资料整理新Word格式.docx
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17.Administrativepolicies行政政策
Chapter4
I.Answerthefollowingquestions:
1.Whatarethechiefbenefitsfrominternationaltrade?
1)Helpingtoraisethelivingstandardsofthepeople
2)Helpingtoupgradeacountry’smodernization
3)Helpingtosolveacountry’sshortageofcapital
4)Helpingtosolveunemploymentproblems
5)Helpingtopromotemutualunderstandingandfriendshipbetweentrading
6)Helpingtoboostacountry’scompetitivenessintheworldmarket
7)Helpingacountrytoaccelerateitsoveralleconomicgrowth
2.Giveexamplestoshowthatnocountryisabletoproduceeverythingitneeds。
(自改版)TheUnitedState,agreatdealofitshighstandardoflivingdependsoninternationaltrade.Withoutinternationaltrade,itcannotbecomeakingdomofautomobilesbecausemostofitsoilisimportedfromabroad,anditcannothaveenoughtin,tungstenandchromiumforcertainindustrialprocessbecausetheUnitedStatehasnodepositsofthem.Remembernocountryisabletoproduceeverythingitneeds.
3、Whatarethenarrowsenseofforeignexchange?
(附加题)
(1)Internationalism:
denominatedinforeigncurrency
(2)Convertibility:
—freeconvertibleofakindofcurrencyundercurrentaccountandcapitalandfinancialaccountofbalanceofpaymentstatement.
(3)Unconditional:
paymentinstrumentcanbeusedunconditionallyabroad.
II.翻译成英文
3.在不同国家之间进行货物与服务的交换就是国际贸易。
Theexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweendifferentnationsisinternationaltrade。
Chapter5
1.whatismercantilism?
Whatareitsmainviewpoints?
(涵义里面已经包括了主要观点)
(1).thewayforacountrytobecomerichandpowerfulwastoexportmorethanitimported.
(2)intheformofgoldandsilver.
(3)couldgainonlyattheexpenseofothercountries.
2.Inwhatwayisthemodernversionofmercantilismdifferentfromtheoriginalone?
答:
modernversionofmercantilismdiffersfromtheoriginalinthattodaytheaccumulationofconvertiblecurrencyinsteadofgoldandsilverisoftenthegoalofgovernments.
3.Whatismeantbythetheoryofabsoluteadvantage?
whencountryAcanproduceaunitofagoodwithlesslaborthancountryBwesaythatcountryAhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingthatgood.
4.Canyougiveagoodillustrationofcomparativeadvantage?
(1)tospecializeintheproductionofthosegoodsitproducesmostefficiently
(2)theopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoods.
6.Whatarethesimilaritiesbetweenthetheoryofabsoluteadvantageandthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage?
supplysideofthemarket。
李嘉图Ricardo------比较优势
亚当斯密AdamSmith---------绝对优势
H—O-------heckscher–ohlin
1.李嘉图认为每个国家不一定要生产各种商品,而应集中力量生产那些具有最大绝对优势或者最小绝对劣势的产品,然后通过国际贸易互相获益。
InRicado'
sopinionnotnecessarilyeverycountryhastoproduceallsortsofgoods.Whatanationshoulddoistoconcentrateitseffortsandresourcesonproducingthosegoodswhichcangeneratethebiggestadvantages,bringabouttheleastadvantages,andthenreceivebenefitsfrominternationaltradetogetherwithitstradingpartners.
2.李嘉图的比较优势理论只提出国际分工的一个依据,但他并没有向人们展示国际分工形成
和发展的根本原因。
Ricardo'
scomparativeadvantagetheoryhasonlypointedoutonebasisforinternationaldivisionoflaborbutnotthefundamentalreasonfortheformationanddevelopmentofit.
补充
Thelabortheoryofvalue
Ontheaccountoflaborrequiredtoproduceit
Allgoodsandthatlaborishomogeneous
Chapter6
I.Answerthefollowingquestions:
1.WhatistheH-Otheory?
Whatareitsmainarguments?
H-Otheoryisoneofthemostinfluentialtheoriesinmoderninternationaleconomicsaccordingtowhichinternationaltradeislargelydrivenbydifferencesincountries’resources(land,laborandcapital)
Mainarguments:
countriesexportthegoodsthatuseitsabundantfactorsintensivelyandimportthegoodsthatuseitsscarcefactorsintensively.
2.WhatarethesimilarityanddissimilaritybetweentheH-OtheoryoffactorendowmentandRicardo'
stheoryofcomparativeadvantage?
Similarity:
freetradeisbeneficialtotradingnationals。
Dissimilarity:
basisfortrade
R----factorproducingdifference
H-O-----factorendowments
3.GiveanexampleoftheoperationoftheH-Otheory?
(至少举两个)
(1)TheUnitedStateshaslongbeenasubstantialexporterofagriculturalgoods,reflectinginpartitsusualabundanceoflargetractsofarableland.
(2)Brazilexportsalotofcoffeebecauseithasanabundanceofthesoilandfavorableclimateconditionsrequiredforcoffeeproduction.
(3)SouthKoreaandChinahaveexcelledintheexportofgoodsproducedinlabour-intensivemanufacturingindustriessuchastextile,clothing,andfootwear.ThisfactreflectsSouthKorea'
sandChina'
srelativeabundanceoflow-costlabor.Incontrast,theUnitedStates,whichlacksabundantlow-costlabor,hasbeenaprimaryimporterofthesegoods.
4.WhatisLeontiefparadox?
AccordingtotheH-OtheorytheUnitedStateswouldbeanexporterofcapital-intensivegoods(Ithasalotofcapital,).But,WassilyLeontieffoundthatU.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.imports.
5.Whatistheproductlife-cycletheoryprimarilyconcernedwith?
Whatarethe5stagesmanymanufacturedgoodsundergo?
(1)theproductlife-cycletheoryisprimarilyconcernedwiththeroleoftechnologicalinnovationaskeydeterminantoftradepatternsinmanufacturedproducts。
(2)5stages:
Introductionstage;
Growthstage;
Maturitystage;
Declinestage;
Losingtoforeigncompetitors.
7..Canyousaysomethingaboutthe“Gravity”modeloftrade?
Thetradebetweentwocountriesincreaseswiththeireconomicsize,butdecreaseswiththedistancebetweenthem(andthereforetransportcosts)
1.WhatisthedefectsofH-Otheory?
(附加题)三大缺陷
(1)ItfailstoexplainU.SexportswerelesscapitalintensivethanU.S.imports.
(2)Itfailstoturnenoughattentiontoscienceandtechnology.
(3)Itfailstotouchonthemaximizationofprofit-seekingasfundamentalreasonfortrade.
1.按照赫-俄理论,相对要素禀赋和要素价格的区别是构成国际贸易基础的重要的解释。
Differentinrelativefactorendowmentsandfactorpricesconstitutethemostimportantexplanationofthebasisfor(international)trade。
Chapter7
P92
1.Whatarethepoliticalargumentsforgovernmentinterventionininternationaltrade?
(1)protectingjobsandindustries
(2)Nationalsecurity
(3)Retaliation
(4)Protectingconsumers
(5)Furtheringforeignpolicyobjectives
(6)Protecting"
humanrights"
2.Whataretheeconomicargumentsgiveninthetextforgovernmentinterventionininternationaltrade?
(1)protectinginfantindustry
(2)strategictradepoliciesargument
3.Whatisstrategictradepolicy?
Strategictradepoliciesrefertothosepoliciesthatpromoteexportsordiscourageimportsin
particulareconomicsectors.
First,itcanensurethatsomefirmstobesupportedbysubsidies.
Second,suchpolicieshelpdomesticfirmsovercomethebarrierstoenterforeignmarket.
1.WhyistheUnitedStatestryinghardtoprotectitssemi-conductorindustryfromforeigncompetition?
Theanswerissimple.BecausemanyAmericanofficialsproductsthatitwouldbedangeroustorelyprimarilyonforeignproducersforthem.
为什么美国保护半导体产业免受国外竞争?
答案很简单。
许多美国官员认为,半导体产品对于其国防产品而言,是非常重要的零部件。
如果主要依靠外国生产者供应,将会很危险。
2.However,retaliationisahighlyriskystrategy.Ifthethreatenedforeigngovernmentrefusestobackdown,say,byfollowingatit-for-tat-policy,itwillleadtoatradewarorotherconflicts.Intheendboththethreateninggovernmentandthegovernmentandthreatenedgovernmentwillsufferaloss.
然而,报复是一种风险极高的策略,如果被威胁的外国政府拒绝让步,也就是说,其采取以牙还牙的政策,这将导致贸易战或其他冲突,最终采取威胁方式的政府和被威胁的政府都将遭受损失。
Chapter8
P106
I.Answerthefollowingquestions
2.whatarethecommonly-usedtradepolicyinstrumentsatthedisposalofgovernments?
Tariff;
关税
Subsidies;
津贴
Importquotas;
进口配额
Voluntaryexportrestraints(VERs);
自愿出口限制
Localcontentrequirements;
Anti-dumpingpolicies;
Administrativepolicies
3.Howmanytypesoftradepoliciesdoyouknow?
FreeTradePolicy;
ProtectiveTradePolicy.
4.Whataretheusualargumentsforprotectivetradepolicy?
(可自行扩充,P100-101)
(1)jobprotection
(2)infantindustryprotection
(3)Nationalsecurity
6.IsexporttariffallowedintheU.S?
Whynot?
ExportedtariffsareprohibitedbytheU.S.Constitutionbutareoftenappliedbydevelopingnationsontheirtraditionalexports(suchasGhanaonitscocoaandBrazilonitscoffee)
7.Canyoutellthedifferencebetweenspecifictariffsandadvaloremtariffs?
S:
aspecifictariffisexpressedintermsofafixedamountofmoneyperphysicalunitoftheimportedproduct,
A:
muchlikeasalestax,isafixedpercentageofthevalueoftheimportedgoodasitentersthecountry.
9.Whatismeantby"
foreignsourcing?
"
Thepurchaseofforeigncomponentsbydomesticfirms。
10.Isthereauniformdefinitionofdumping?
Dumpingisvariouslydefinedassellinggoodsinaforeignmarketatbelowtheircostofproductionorassellinggoodsinaforeignmarketatbelowtheir"
fair"
marketvalue.
Chapter9
P127
2.Whatformsofregionaleconomicintegrationdoyouknow?
preferentialtradearrangement;
Afreetradearea(orzone);
customsunion;
Acommonmarket;
Economicunion;
politicalunion
3.Inwhatwayisfreetradeareadifferentfromcustomsunion?
单选题
Afreetra
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