全新主题大学英语读写译教程47Word格式文档下载.docx
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全新主题大学英语读写译教程47Word格式文档下载.docx
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Unit7
FamilyLife
SectionA
Pre-readingQuestions
1.What’sthedifferencebetweenafamilyandahousehold?
2.Inyouropinion,whatisthebasicstructureoffamily?
3.Howmanykindsoffamiliesdoyouknow?
Whatarethey?
Ifafamilyistobethebasiccomponentofahealthysociety,asitmustbeforsocietytosurvive,weneedtounderstandanewwhatafamilyisandwhatitisbecoming.
TheChangingAmericanFamily
1ForallthechangesinfertilityandmortalitythatAmericanshaveexperiencedfromthecolonialperioduntiltoday,therehasbeensurprisinglylittlechangeinthestructureofthefamilyuntilthepastquartercentury.Untilthatpoint,theageofmarriagechangedfromtimetotime,butonlyaminorityofwomennevermarriedandbirthsoutsidemarriageweretraditionallylessthan10percentofallbirths.
2Butthisfundamentalsocialinstitutionhaschangedprofoundlysince1980.Infact,ifoneweretodefinethemostoriginaldemographicfeatureinthepost-1980periodintheUnitedStates,itwouldbethechangesthatwereoccurringinbothfamiliesandhouseholdsforallsectionsofthenationalpopulation.ThetraditionalAmericanfamilyhasbeenundergoingprofoundtransformationsforallages,allraces,andallethnicgroups.EveryaspectoftheAmericanfamilyisexperiencingchange.Theseincludethenumberofadultswhomarry,thenumberofhouseholdsthatareformedbymarriedpeople,thenumberofchildrenthatareconceived,theeconomicroleofmothers,thenumberofnon-familyhouseholds,andeventheimportanceofmarriageinaccountingfortotalbirths.
3Theproportionofpersonsover15yearsofagewhohadnevermarriedreachedhistoriclevelsin2000whenathirdofthemenandaquarterofthewomenwerelistedasneverhavingmarried.Thedeclineinmarriageamongwhitesisoccurringataslowerpacethanamongblacks,butbothareexperiencingrisingtrendsinunmarriedadults.By2000,22percentofadultwhitewomenand42percentofadultblackwomenhadnevermarried.Thisriseintheratioofpersonsnevermarriedisalsoreflectedinhistoricalchangesintherelationbetweenfamiliesandhouseholds.Non-familyhouseholdshadalwaysexistedasasmallshareofthetotalhouseholdsintheUnitedStates,usuallymadeupofelderlypersonswithnofamiliesleft.Butnowtheyareformedbyyoungadults,manyofwhomnevermarried,orbyolderpersonswhonolongerresidewithchildren.Also,theproportionoftwo-parenthouseholds,eveninfamilyhouseholdswithchildren,isonthedecline,assingle-parent-plus-childrenhouseholdsareontherise.Aslateas1960,attheheightoftheBabyBoom,marriedfamiliesmadeupalmostthree-quartersofallhouseholds;
butbythecensusof2000theyaccountedforjust53percentofthem,adeclinethatseemstohavecontinuedinthepastfewyears.Non-familyhouseholdsnowaccountfor31percentofhouseholds,andfamiliesheadedbyasingleparentwithchildrenaccountfortherest,makingupto27percentofallsuchfamilieswithchildren.Blackfamiliesexperiencedthefastestdeclineofdual-parenthouseholds;
bytheendofthecenturymarriedcoupleswithchildrenaccountedforonly4outof10ofallblackfamilyhouseholdswithchildren.Butnogroupwasimmunetothisrisingtrendofsingle-parenthouseholds.
4Notonlyhavefamilyhouseholdsbeenonthedecline,asaconsequenceoftheriseofsingle-personandchildless-couplehouseholds,butevenwomengivingbirtharenowhavingfarfewerchildren,arespacingthemfurtherapart,andareendingtheirfertilityatearlieragesthaneverbefore,whichhasbroughtfertilitylevelsintheUnitedStatestotheirlowestlevelinhistory.Inthecolonialperiodtheaveragewomanproducedmorethansevenchildrenduringthecourseofherlifetime.Sincethe1970stheratehasbeenundertwochildrenforthemajoritynon-Hispanicwhitepopulation.Thenationalfertilitytotalcurrentlybarelyreachesitsreplacementlevel;
itfluctuatedbetween2.0and2.1childrenperwomanoverthepastquartercentury;
by2000non-Hispanicwhitewomenwereaveragingjust1.8children.AmongallgroupsitwasonlytheHispanicwomen—whoareatatotalfertilityrateof2.5children—whoareabovethereplacementlevel.EvenamongHispanicwomen,itisprimarilyMexican-Americanwomen,thelargestsinglegroup,whichmaintainedveryhighfertilityrates.Cuban-Americanwomenwereclosetothenon-Hispanicwhites,andthePuertoRicanwomenwereclosertothefertilitypatternsofnon-Hispanicblackwomen.
5AlthoughtheU.S.fertilityratedeclinedtothelowestlevelinhistory,singlewomennowmakeupanincreasedpercentageofthosehavingchildren.Therapidandveryrecentriseinbirthsoutsidemarriagemeansthatmarriedwomennolongeraretheexclusivearbitersoffertility.Whereasatmid-centurysuchextramarit
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