CIMA背景Word下载.docx
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CIMA背景Word下载.docx
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othercommercialbroadcastorganisationsinotherEuropeancountries.Alloftheprogrammes
thatthesebroadcastorganisationstransmittotheviewingpubliccomefrom3sources.These3
sourcesare:
1.“In-house”productions–whereprogrammesareproducedbytheirownproduction
teams.“In-house”productionsgenerallyincludenewsprogrammes,sportsandevents.
2.“Acquired”programmes–whichareprogrammesoriginallycreatedforanother
broadcaster.TypicallytheseincludeUSA-madeTVprogrammesandfilms.
3.“Thirdpartycontentproviders”–thisincludestherangeofprogrammesmadeby
independentTVproductioncompanies.
SomeoftheTVbroadcastcompaniesinEuropearelistedcompanies,whereasothersarestate-
ownedorganisations.IntheUK,theBBCisfundedthroughalicencefeeandithasan
obligationtocommissionaminimumpercentageofitsprogrammesfromindependent
productioncompanies.Itiscurrentlyexceedingtheminimumpercentageofcommissioned
programmes.
Thiscasestudyisbasedonthethirdcategoryabove,concerningtheproductionofTV
programmesbyanindependentTVproductioncompany.
ThedefinitionofanindependentTVproductioncompany(an“indie”)isacompanywhichdoes
nothavealicencetobroadcastprogrammes,butwhichiscommissionedbyTVbroadcast
companiestomakeTVprogrammesfortransmission(bothfortransmissiononterrestrial
channelsandsatellitechannels).
TheabilitytomakesuccessfulTVprogrammesisamixtureofgoodideas,goodproductionskills
andtheabilitytoselltheprogrammeideastoTVbroadcastingcompanies.Itisavery
entrepreneurialindustrywhichattractshighlyskilledandartisticpeople.Manyofthe
independentTVproductioncompaniesaresmallbusinesseswhichareownedandmanagedby
experiencedTVproductionpeople.Mostofthesecompaniesareprivatelimitedcompaniesand
arenotlisted.Thesharesareusuallyfullyownedbythefounder(s)ofthecompany.Some
independentTVproductioncompaniesarehighlygeared,asdebthasbeenusedextensivelyto
financeTVprogramme-makingoperationsaswellastofinancethecapitalexpenditurerequired
forthepurchaseofhightechnologyprogramme-makingequipment.
AsmallnumberofTVproductioncompaniesarelargerandhaveestablishedagoodbrand
reputationbyconsistentlymakinghighlypopularTVprogrammes.ManyoftheselargerTV
productioncompanies(referredtoas'
super-indies'
)makealargenumberoflong-runningseries
ofTVprogrammes.
ThetotalvalueofcommissionedprogrammesintheUKwasover£
2.0billionin2008,an
increaseof2.5%invaluetermsfrom2007.Forexample,theBBCcommissionsitsprogrammes
2
fromarangeofindependentTVproductioncompanies,anditcommissionsaround37%ofits
programmeoutputfrom“indies”.Theremainingoutputcomprisesprogrammesitmakesitself
andacquiredprogrammes.
SomeoftheindependentTVproductioncompanieshaveaninternationaldivisionwhichsellsits
completedprogrammes,ortheprogrammeformat,toTVbroadcastorganisationsinother
countries.However,theabilityoftheTVproductioncompaniestoselltheprogramme,orthe
programmeformat,dependsonwhoholdstheintellectualpropertyrights(IPRs).Itisusualfor
theTVbroadcastcompanywhichcommissionedtheprogrammeinthefirstplacetoownthe
IPRsfortheinitialbroadcastoftheprogrammeaswellassecondaryrightsforrepeat
broadcastsinthehomegeographicalregion(suchastheUK).TheindependentTVproduction
companyusuallyownsall(orpart)oftheIPRsforsalesmadetoTVbroadcastcompanies
elsewhereintheworld.Inaddition,thebroadcastcompanymayalsoowntheIPRs(orsharethe
IPRs)forothermediaapartfromtelevision,suchastheprogrammewebsite,booksand
merchandiseincludingtoysandT-shirts.Theinternationalsaleofprogrammesisexplained
furtheronpage10.
VandYProductionsLtd
VandYProductions(VYP)isanindependentTVproductioncompany(an“indie”).The
companywasestablishedin2003bytwoexperiencedTVprogrammedirectorswhopreviously
bothworkeddirectlyforTVbroadcastcompaniesintheUK.
VYPisbasedintheUKanditmakesTVprogrammescommissionedbytheBBC,ITV,Channel
4andChannel5.VYPisnotlistedoneitheramainstockexchangeortheAlternative
InvestmentMarket(AIM).
TheaimofVYPistomakesuccessfulprogrammesforprofit.
The2foundersofthecompany,SteveVoddilandJohnYoung,arebothexperienced
programmemakers,whohaveheldprogrammedirectorroleswhentheyworkedasemployees
forTVbroadcastcompanies.Theybothwantedthefreedomtodowhattheydobest,whichisto
makeTVprogrammes.Thecompanywasestablishedin2003,withonly12employees,butnow
employs60peopledirectlyandoutsourcesmuchoftheroutineTVproductionworktoother
smallspecialisedcompanies.TheoutsourcedcompaniesprovidedVYPwiththeequivalentof
around400personyearsofworkintheyearended31March2010.Moredetailsareshownin
thesectionheaded“Programme-making”onpage8.
Thekeyemployeesinthecompany,whoownsharesinVYP,inadditiontoSteveVoddiland
JohnYoung,areRajShahandPaulMaaswhoareDirectorsofVideotape(VT)Editing,Janet
Black,whoistheFinanceDirectorandLesFisher,theBusinessandLegalAffairsDirector.
AsummaryofVYP’skeypersonnelisshowninAppendix1onpage14.
ThereputationofVYPisintrinsicallylinkedtoitspeople,especiallySteveVoddilandJohn
Young.Theybothareactivelyinvolvedinwinningnewcommissionedprogrammesfromthe
broadcastingcompany,andtheyworkalongsidetherelevantTVprogrammedirectorwhois
proposingtheprogrammeidea.Inthisindustryitisthepeopleandtheirreputationandtrack
recordthatdeterminesthecompany’ssuccess.
VYPenhanceditsreputationlastyearwithseveralnewseriesofprogrammeswhichwere
consideredtobesuccessfulintermsofaudienceviewingfigures.Duringthelast3yearsVYP
haswonseveralTVprogrammeawardswhichrecognisedthecontentofitsprogrammeswas
excellentorinnovative.VYPhasestablishedareputationfortheproductionofdocumentaries
whichallowthegeneralpublictomaketheirviewsknownontopicalissues.
VYPgeneratedtotalrevenuesof£
28.6millioninthefinancialyearended31March2010,which
wasalmost39%growthintotalrevenuesfromthepreviousyear.ThisresultedinVYPhavinga
marketshareofcommissionedTVprogrammesintheUKofaround1.4%.Therearehundreds
ofsmallindependentTVproductioncompaniesmakingprogrammes,andthereforethisisa3
reasonableshareofthemarket.ThisplacesVYPwithinthetop20companiesmakingTV
programmesintheUK.
AnextractfromVYP’sStatementofComprehensiveIncomeisshowninAppendix2onpage
16.
Programmecommissioning
Programmecommissioningisconcernedwiththestagesthatareundertakenbyanindependent
TVproductioncompany,suchasVYP,withanyofthebroadcastcompaniesforwhichitwishes
tomakeTVprogrammes.InthepastthereweresomeTVproductioncompanieswhichmade
“pilot”,ortrial,programmesinordertoselltheprogrammeconcept.Thisisrarelydonenowdue
tocost.AlloftheTVprogrammesmadebyVYParecommissionedandcontractedwitha
broadcastcompanybeforetheproductionoftheprogrammecommences.Theriskofaseriesof
programmesbeingpoorlyacceptedbyitsviewersliesentirelywiththebroadcastcompany
whichcommissionedtheseriesofprogrammes.Thisresultsinbroadcastcompaniesbeing
cautiousaboutwhichTVproductioncompanies,andwhichstyleofprogrammes,theydecideto
commission.
Thereare3stepsintheprocessofgettingaprogramme,oraseriesofprogrammes,
commissioned.Theseare:
1.Programmeproposalsubmission.VYPwillsubmitaprogrammeproposaltothechosen
broadcastcompanyforapprovaloftheprogrammecontent.Thisproposalwilldetailthe
genreoftheprogramme(drama,comedy,documentaryetc),theprogrammecontent
andthenumberofprogrammesinaseries.Are-commissioningofprogrammes(where
apreviousserieshasalreadybeencommissioned,madeandtransmitted)willoftenbe
approvedquicklyiftheprevious,orfirst,serieswassuccessful.Successisusually
determinedbyexternallyauditedaudienceratingfigures.
2.Businessapproval.VYPwillsubmittotherelevantbroadcastcompanythedetailed
budgetformakingtheprogramme,orseriesofprogrammes,forapproval.Broadcast
companiesdonotnegotiatetheseproposedcostsonaline-for-linebasisifthetotalcost
fallswithintheir“costperhour”criteriaforthegenreoftheproposedprogrammes.The
factorsthatwillinfluenceapprovalofthebudgetwillbethestyleoftheprogrammeand
whetheroutsidefilmingwillberequired,thelocationofany
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