曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案28章分析解析Word文件下载.docx
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曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案28章分析解析Word文件下载.docx
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:
Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:
Ø
thedatausedtomeasuretheamountofunemployment.
howunemploymentcanresultfromminimum-wagelaws.
howunemploymentcanarisefrombargainingbetweenfirmsandunions.
howunemploymentresultswhenfirmschoosetopayefficiencywages.
CONTEXTANDPURPOSE:
Chapter15isthefourthchapterinafour-chaptersequenceonthelevelandgrowthofoutputinthelongrun.InChapter12,welearnedthatcapitalandlaborareamongtheprimarydeterminantsofoutputandgrowth.InChapter13,weaddressedhowsavingandinvestmentincapitalgoodsaffecttheproductionofoutput.InChapter14,welearnedaboutsomeofthetoolspeopleandfirmsusewhenchoosingcapitalprojectsinwhichtoinvest.InChapter15,weseehowfullutilizationofourlaborresourcesimprovesthelevelofproductionandourstandardofliving.
ThepurposeofChapter15istointroducestudentstothelabormarket.Wewillseehoweconomistsmeasuretheperformanceofthelabormarketusingunemploymentstatistics.Wewillalsoaddressanumberofsourcesofunemploymentandsomepoliciesthatthegovernmentmightusetolowercertaintypesofunemployment.
KEYPOINTS:
∙Theunemploymentrateisthepercentageofthosewhowouldliketoworkwhodonothavejobs.TheBureauofLaborStatisticscalculatesthisstatisticmonthlybasedonasurveyofthousandsofhouseholds.
∙Theunemploymentrateisanimperfectmeasureofjoblessness.Somepeoplewhocallthemselvesunemployedmayactuallynotwanttowork,andsomepeoplewhowouldliketoworkhaveleftthelaborforceafteranunsuccessfulsearchandthereforearenotcountedasunemployed.
∙IntheU.S.economy,mostpeoplewhobecomeunemployedfindworkwithinashortperiodoftime.Nonetheless,mostunemploymentobservedatanygiventimeisattributabletothefewpeoplewhoareunemployedforlongperiodsoftime.
∙Onereasonforunemploymentisthetimeittakesforworkerstosearchforjobsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskills.Thisfrictionalunemploymentisincreasedasaresultofunemploymentinsurance,agovernmentpolicydesignedtoprotectworkers’incomes.
∙Asecondreasonoureconomyalwayshassomeunemploymentisminimum-wagelaws.Byraisingthewageofunskilledandinexperiencedworkersabovetheequilibriumlevel,minimum-wagelawsraisethequantityoflaborsuppliedandreducethequantitydemanded.Theresultingsurplusoflaborrepresentsunemployment.
∙Athirdreasonforunemploymentisthemarketpowerofunions.Whenunionspushthewagesinunionizedindustriesabovetheequilibriumlevel,theycreateasurplusoflabor.
∙Afourthreasonforunemploymentissuggestedbythetheoryofefficiencywages.Accordingtothistheory,firmsfinditprofitabletopaywagesabovetheequilibriumlevel.Highwagescanimproveworkerhealth,lowerworkerturnover,raiseworkerquality,andincreaseworkereffort.
CHAPTEROUTLINE:
I.Unemploymentcanbedividedintotwocategories.
A.Theeconomy’snaturalrateofunemploymentreferstotheamountofunemploymentthattheeconomynormallyexperiences.
B.Cyclicalunemploymentreferstotheyear-to-yearfluctuationsinunemploymentarounditsnaturalrate.
II.IdentifyingUnemployment
A.HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?
1.TheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)surveysabout60,000householdseverymonth.
2.TheBLSplaceseachadult(age16orolder)intooneofthreecategories:
employed,unemployed,ornotinthelaborforce.
Figure1
Askstudentswhichcategorytheyarein.Remindthemthattobeconsideredtobeunemployed,theymustbewithoutajobandlookingforwork.Manystudentsarenotinthelaborforce,butmayconsiderthemselvestobeunemployedsimplybecausetheydonothaveajob.Explaintostudentsthattheunemploymentrateisausefulstatisticbecauseitanswersthefollowingquestion:
Ofthoseintheeconomywhowanttowork,whatpercentagecannotfindajob?
3.Definitionoflaborforce:
thetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandtheunemployed.
4.Definitionofunemploymentrate:
thepercentageofthelaborforcethatisunemployed.
5.Definitionoflabor-forceparticipationrate:
thepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce.
6.Example:
Datafrom2012.Inthatyear,therewere142.5millionemployedpeopleand12.5millionunemployedpeople.
a.LaborForce=142.5+12.5=155.0million.
b.UnemploymentRate=(12.5/155.0)×
100=8.1%.
c.Becausetheadultpopulationwas243.3million,thelabor-forceparticipationratewas:
Labor-ForceParticipationRate=(155.0/243.3)×
100=63.7%.
Makesurethatstu
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