物理学专业英语Word文件下载.docx
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物理学专业英语Word文件下载.docx
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一、课程的任务和教学目的
通过学习《物理学专业英语》,学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法,进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。
通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文,学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想,提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。
培养专业英语阅读能力,了解科技英语的特点,提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度;
掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇,基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读;
达到一定的笔译水平。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
二、课程内容
课程内容包括以下章节:
物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论
三、基本要求
1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量(约1200~1500词/学时),要求正确理解原文。
2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物,要求基本理解原文主要内容。
3.掌握基本专业词汇(不少于200词)。
4.应具有流利阅读、翻译与赏析专业英语文献,并能简单地进行写作的能力。
四、参考书
正文标记说明:
蓝色Arial字体(例如energy):
已知的专业词汇
蓝色Arial字体加下划线(例如electromagnetism):
新学的专业词汇
黑色TimesNewRoman字体加下划线(例如postulate):
新学的普通词汇
1Physics物理学
Introductiontophysics
Physicsisapartofnaturalphilosophyandanaturalsciencethatinvolvesthestudyofmatteranditsmotionthroughspaceandtime,alongwithrelatedconceptssuchasenergyandforce.Morebroadly,itisthegeneralanalysisofnature,conductedinordertounderstandhowtheuniversebehaves.
Physicsisoneoftheoldestacademicdisciplines,perhapstheoldestthroughitsinclusionofastronomy.Overthelasttwomillennia,physicswasapartofnaturalphilosophyalongwithchemistry,certainbranchesofmathematics,andbiology,butduringtheScientificRevolutioninthe17thcentury,thenaturalsciencesemergedasuniqueresearchprogramsintheirownright.Physicsintersectswithmanyinterdisciplinaryareasofresearch,suchasbiophysicsandquantumchemistry,andtheboundariesofphysicsarenotrigidlydefined.Newideasinphysicsoftenexplainthefundamentalmechanismsofothersciences,whileopeningnewavenuesofresearchinareassuchasmathematicsandphilosophy.
Physicsalsomakessignificantcontributionsthroughadvancesinnewtechnologiesthatarisefromtheoreticalbreakthroughs.Forexample,advancesintheunderstandingofelectromagnetismornuclearphysicsleddirectlytothedevelopmentofnewproductswhichhavedramaticallytransformedmodern-daysociety,suchastelevision,computers,domesticappliances,andnuclearweapons;
advancesinthermodynamicsledtothedevelopmentofindustrialization;
andadvancesinmechanicsinspiredthedevelopmentofcalculus.
Coretheories
Thoughphysicsdealswithawidevarietyofsystems,certaintheoriesareusedbyallphysicists.Eachofthesetheorieswereexperimentallytestednumeroustimesandfoundcorrectasanapproximationofnature(withinacertaindomainofvalidity).
Forinstance,thetheoryofclassicalmechanicsaccuratelydescribesthemotionofobjects,providedtheyaremuchlargerthanatomsandmovingatmuchlessthanthespeedoflight.Thesetheoriescontinuetobeareasofactiveresearch,andaremarkableaspectofclassicalmechanicsknownaschaoswasdiscoveredinthe20thcentury,threecenturiesaftertheoriginalformulationofclassicalmechanicsbyIsaacNewton(1642–1727)【艾萨克·
牛顿】.
Thesecentraltheoriesareimportanttoolsforresearchintomorespecializedtopics,andanyphysicist,regardlessofhisorherspecialization,isexpectedtobeliterateinthem.Theseincludeclassicalmechanics,quantummechanics,thermodynamicsandstatisticalmechanics,electromagnetism,andspecialrelativity.
Classicalandmodernphysics
Classicalmechanics
Classicalphysicsincludesthetraditionalbranchesandtopicsthatwererecognizedandwell-developedbeforethebeginningofthe20thcentury—classicalmechanics,acoustics,optics,thermodynamics,andelectromagnetism.
Classicalmechanicsisconcernedwithbodiesactedonbyforcesandbodiesinmotionandmaybedividedintostatics(studyoftheforcesonabodyorbodiesatrest),kinematics(studyofmotionwithoutregardtoitscauses),anddynamics(studyofmotionandtheforcesthataffectit);
mechanicsmayalsobedividedintosolidmechanicsandfluidmechanics(knowntogetherascontinuummechanics),thelatterincludingsuchbranchesashydrostatics,hydrodynamics,aerodynamics,andpneumatics.
Acousticsisthestudyofhowsoundisproduced,controlled,transmittedandreceived.Importantmodernbranchesofacousticsincludeultrasonics,thestudyofsoundwavesofveryhighfrequencybeyondtherangeofhumanhearing;
bioacousticsthephysicsofanimalcallsandhearing,andelectroacoustics,themanipulationofaudiblesoundwavesusingelectronics.
Optics,thestudyoflight,isconcernednotonlywithvisiblelightbutalsowithinfraredandultravioletradiation,whichexhibitallofthephenomenaofvisiblelightexceptvisibility,e.g.,reflection,refraction,interference,diffraction,dispersion,andpolarizationoflight.
Heatisaformofenergy,theinternalenergypossessedbytheparticlesofwhichasubstanceiscomposed;
thermodynamicsdealswiththerelationshipsbetweenheatandotherformsofenergy.
Electricityandmagnetismhavebeenstudiedasasinglebranchofphysicssincetheintimateconnectionbetw
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