Tidal stream generator文档格式.docx
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Tidal stream generator文档格式.docx
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oftenreferredtoasa
tidalenergyconverter(TEC)
isamachinethatextracts
energy
frommovingmassesofwater,inparticular
tides,althoughthetermisoftenusedinreferencetomachinesdesignedtoextractenergyfromrunofriverortidalestuarinesites.Certaintypesofthesemachinesfunctionverymuchlikeunderwater
windturbines,andarethusoftenreferredtoas
tidalturbines.Theywerefirstconceivedinthe1970sduringtheoilcrisis.[1]
Tidalstreamgeneratorsarethecheapestandtheleastecologicallydamagingamongthe
threemainforms
of
tidalpowergeneration.[2]
Contents
[hide]
∙1
Similaritytowindturbines
∙2
Typesoftidalstreamgenerators
o2.1
Axialturbines
o2.2
Verticalandhorizontalaxiscrossflowturbines
o2.3
Flowaugmentedturbines
o2.4
Oscillatingdevices
o2.5
Venturieffect
∙3
Commercialplans
∙4
Energycalculations
o4.1
Turbinepower
o4.2
Resourceassessment
∙5
Potentialsites
∙6
Environmentalimpacts
∙7
Seealso
∙8
References
Similaritytowindturbines
[edit]
Tidalstreamgeneratorsdrawenergyfromwatercurrentsinmuchthesamewayas
windturbines
drawenergyfromaircurrents.However,thepotentialforpowergenerationbyanindividualtidalturbinecanbegreaterthanthatofsimilarlyratedwindenergyturbine.Thehigherdensityofwaterrelativetoair(waterisabout800timesthedensityofair)meansthatasinglegeneratorcanprovidesignificantpoweratlowtidalflowvelocitiescomparedwithsimilarwindspeed.[3]Giventhatpowervarieswiththedensityofmediumandthecubeofvelocity,waterspeedsofnearlyone-tenththespeedofwindprovidethesamepowerforthesamesizeofturbinesystem;
howeverthislimitstheapplicationinpracticetoplaceswherethetidemovesatspeedsofatleast2
knots(1
m/s)evenclosetoneaptides.Furthermore,athigherspeedsinaflowbetween2to3
metrespersecondinseawateratidalturbinecantypicallyaccessfourtimesasmuchenergyperrotorsweptareaasasimilarlyratedpowerwindturbine.
Typesoftidalstreamgenerators
Sincetidalstreamgeneratorsareanimmaturetechnology,nostandardtechnologyhasyetemergedastheclearwinner,butalargevarietyofdesignsarebeingexperimentedwith,someveryclosetolargescaledeployment.Severalprototypeshaveshownpromisewithmanycompaniesmakingboldclaims,someofwhichareyettobeindependentlyverified,buttheyhavenotoperatedcommerciallyforextendedperiodstoestablishperformancesandratesofreturnoninvestments.
The
EuropeanMarineEnergyCentre
recognizessixprincipaltypesoftidalenergyconverter.Theyarehorizontalaxisturbines,verticalaxisturbines,oscillatinghydrofoils,venturidevices,ArchimedesScrew,tidalkite.[4][5]
Axialturbines
Bottom-mountedaxialturbines
Acabletetheredturbine
Thesearecloseinconcepttotraditionalwindmillsoperatingundertheseaandhavethemostprototypescurrentlyoperating.Theseinclude:
TheAR-1000,a1MWtidalturbinedevelopedbyAtlantisResourcesCorporationwhichwassuccessfullydeployedandcommissionedattheEMECfacilityduringthesummerof2011.TheARseriesturbinesarecommercialscaleHorizontalAxisTurbinesdesignedforopenoceandeploymentintheharshestenvironmentsontheplanet.ARturbinesfeatureasinglerotorsetwithhighlyefficientfixedpitchblades.TheARturbineisrotatedasrequiredwitheachtidalexchange.Thisisdoneintheslackperiodbetweentidesandfixedinplacefortheoptimalheadingforthenexttide.ARturbinesareratedat1MW@2.65m/sofwaterflowvelocity.[citationneeded]
Kvalsund,southof
Hammerfest,
Norway.[6]
Althoughstillaprototype,aturbinewithareportedcapacityof300
kWwasconnectedtothegridon13November2003.
A300
kWPeriodflowmarinecurrentpropellertypeturbine—Seaflow—wasinstalledby
MarineCurrentTurbines
offthecoastof
Lynmouth,
Devon,England,in2003.[7]
The11mdiameterturbinegeneratorwasfittedtoasteelpilewhichwasdrivenintotheseabed.Asaprototype,itwasconnectedtoadumpload,nottothegrid.
SinceApril2007
VerdantPower[8]
hasbeenrunningaprototypeprojectinthe
EastRiver
between
Queens
and
RooseveltIslandinNewYorkCity;
itwasthefirstmajortidal-powerprojectintheUnitedStates.[9]
Thestrongcurrentsposechallengestothedesign:
thebladesofthe2006and2007prototypesbrokeoff,andnewreinforcedturbineswereinstalledinSeptember2008.[10][11]
FollowingtheSeaflowtrial,afull-sizeprototype,called
SeaGen,wasinstalledbyMarineCurr
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