城市规划滨水景观设计中英文对照外文翻译文献文档格式.docx
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城市规划滨水景观设计中英文对照外文翻译文献文档格式.docx
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RiverfrontLandscapeDesignforLondon2012OlympicPark
Howdoyouplantalongariver'
sedge,knowingthatmillionsofpeoplecouldbepassingthroughthesiteinthenearfuture?
Howdoyoudesign,createandmaintainthesurroundingwetlands,knowingthatman-madewetwoodlandisveryrareandtransitionalbynature?
Howdoyouensurethatthehabitatbeingcreatedremainsviableandsustainableinthelong-term?
Atkins’engineersofthewetlandsandriveredgesontheLondon2012OlympicParkweretaskedwithfindinganswerstoallofthesequestions.
Coveringmorethan246hectaresofformerlyderelictindustrialland,London’snewOlympicParkfortheLondon2012OlympicandParalympicGamesisoneofEurope’sbiggest-everurbangreeningprojects.Riversandwetlandsareattheheartofthevisionforthenewpark,whichliesineastLondon’sLowerLeeValley.Thelandscapethat’snowemergingwillprovideabackdropforthemainactionoftheLondon2012Games.
Asriveredgeandwetlandengineersfortheproject,Atkinshasplayedacriticalroleinturningthevisionintoreality.Atkins’remitincludesdesignofthesoftriveredgesandwetlands,includingriverbankrestorationandbioengineering.
Thetransformationisunprecedented.Morethan8kmofriverbankshavebeenrestoredaspartoftheproject;
intandemwiththis,2hectaresofreedbedsandpondshavebeencreated,alongwith9,000squaremetersofrarewetwoodland(Fig.01).
Thechallengewasaboutgettingpeoplebothvisualandphysicalaccessdowntotheriver-toactuallymaketheriversmoreaccessibleandmoreopen,andthereforethecenterpieceofthePark.
MikeVaughanheadsupAtkins'
multidisciplinarydesignteam,whichincludesriverengineers,geomorphologistsandecologists.“Theideawastoopenuptherivercorridorbymakingthesteepslopesthatlinetheriverflatter,”explainsMike.“Bydroppingtheslopes,we’vebroughttheriverintotheparkandmadeitmuchmoreaccessible-peoplecangetclosetotheriverandseewhat’sgoingonthere.”
Gettingtheriverbankgeometryjustrightwasadelicatebalancingact.Toosteep,andthebankswouldneedcostlyartificialreinforcement;
tooshallow,andtheywouldstarttoeatintovaluablespaceonthesite.Anoptimumslopeof1in2.5-about22degrees-waschosen.Thespaceoccupiedbyriverbankwasrestrictedbytheneedtoconveyfloodwaterandthelocationofterrestriallandscapeandinfrastructure.Assuch,thebankswereover-steepenedusingtwoapproaches.Firstly,wherepossible,theriverbankswereterracedusingcoirrollsandtimberstakes.Inotherlocations,whereonlya70degreebankwaspossible,areinforceddetailwasused,providinglayersofgeo-gridandsteelmeshcages,facedwithariversideturf.
Today,withthenewlandscaperapidlytakingshape,it’seasytoforgethowtheLeeValleyusedtolook.UntiltheOlympicDeliveryAuthority(ODA)tookpossessionofthesitein2006,manyoftheriverchannelsthatcriss-crossthesitewerecloggedwithinvasiveweeds,alongwiththepredictabledetritusofurbandecay:
abandonedshoppingtrolleysandcartires.
TheLeeValley’sneglectedrivernetworkwasn’tonlyaneyesore,butalsoanobstacle-agulfseparatingHackneyandTowerHamletsinthewestfromWalthamForestandNewhamintheeast.
Now,therevitalizedwaterways-andthenewcrossingsspanningthem-willbevitalnotonlyduringtheGames,butalsoafter2012.Theyareanintegralpartofthelegacysolution,stitchingthenewParkanditswaterwaysintothewiderfabricofeastLondon.
1BringingHabitatsbacktoLife
Makingthemostofthesite’sriversandnaturalfeaturestocreatesustainablehabitatsisakeypartoftheOlympicDeliveryAuthority’svisionfortheOlympicPark.Buttheprocessoftransformingthepark’sriversfromweedandrubbish-infestedgulchesintopristinewatercourseshasbeenlongandtough.
ForAtkins,thatprocessstartedwithdevelopinganintimateunderstandingofthelabyrinthofwaterwaysandchannelsthatwindtheirwaythroughthesite.Flowsandvelocitiesweremeasuredatdifferentpointsoveraperiodoftime,withdatausedtoconstructadetailedhydraulicmodeltopredictfloodrisk.That’sofcriticalimportance,becauseAtkinshadresponsibilityforeverythinguptoacontourof4metersaboveordnancedatum(sealevel)onthesite.
Afullfloodriskassessmentwasundertakenatenvironmentalimpactassessmentstage.Atkinsundertookanalysesoftheriskoffloodingcausedbyfrequentrainfall,takingintoaccounttheautomatedregulationofwaterlevelsintheimpoundedreachesandtheimpactoftidallockout.Themodelingexercisewasmadeconsiderablymorecomplicatedbytheimpoundmentoftheriversystemduringthecourseof2008;
ineffect,thiseliminatedthedirecttidalinfluenceoftheThames.Butitsind
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