AmericanLiteraturemajormovementsandterms-Rancho.docx
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AmericanLiteraturemajormovementsandterms-Rancho.docx
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AmericanLiteraturemajormovementsandterms
NativeAmerican–Thedatesforthisperiodareveryunclearbecausewehaveabsolutelynoideawhentheystarted.Muchoftheliteratureofthatperiodweremyths,and,ofcourse,theNativeAmericansstillwritetoday.MostofwhatourtextcallsNativeAmericanmythswerewrittenlongbeforeEuropeanssettledinNorthAmerica.
Puritan–(1472-1750)–Mostofthisishistories,journals,personalpoems,sermons,anddiaries.Mostofthisliteratureisutilitarian,verypersonal,orreligious.WecallitPuritanbecausethemajorityofthewritersduringthisperiodwerestronglyinfluencedbyPuritanidealsandvalues.JonathanEdwardscontinuestoberecognizedfromthisperiod.
Enlightenment–(1750-1800)–CalledtheEnlightenmentperiodduetotheinfluenceofscienceandlogic,thisperiodismarkedinUSliteraturebypoliticalwritings.Genresincludedpoliticaldocuments,speeches,andletters.BenjaminFranklinistypicalofthisperiod.ThereisalackofemphasisanddependenceontheBibleandmoreuseofcommonsense(logic)andscience.TherewasnotadivorcefromtheBiblebutanaddingtoorexpandingofthetruthsfoundthere.
Romanticism–(1800-1840)-Romanticismwasaliteraryandartisticmovementofthenineteenthcenturythataroseinreactionagainsteighteenth-centuryNeoclassicismandplacedapremiumonfancy,imagination,emotion,nature,individuality,andexotica.
There’samovementherefrompersonalandpoliticaldocumentstoentertainingones.PurelyAmericantopicswereintroducedsuchasfrontierlife.RomanticelementscanbefoundintheworksofAmericanwritersasdiverseasCooper,Poe,Thoreau,Emerson,Dickinson,Hawthorne,andMelville.RomanticismisparticularlyevidentintheworksoftheNewEnglandTranscendentalists.
Transcendentalism–(1840-1855)-TranscendentalismwasanAmericanliteraryandphilosophicalmovementofthenineteenthcentury.TheTranscendentalists,whowerebasedinNewEngland,believedthatintuitionandtheindividualconscience“transcend”experienceandthusarebetterguidestotruththanarethesensesandlogicalreason.
InfluencedbyRomanticism,theTranscendentalistsrespectedtheindividualspiritandthenaturalworld,believingthatdivinitywaspresenteverywhere,innatureandineachperson.TheTranscendentalistsincludedRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,BronsonAlcott,W.H.Channing,MargaretFuller,andElizabethPeabody.Theanti-Transcendentalist(HawthorneandMelville)rebelledagainstthephilosophythatmanisbasicallygood.Athirdgroup,theFiresidepoets,wroteaboutmorepracticalaspectsoflifesuchasdyingandpatriotism.
Realism–(1865-1915)-Realismisthepresentationinartofthedetailsofactuallife.Realismwasalsoaliterarymovementthatbeganduringthenineteenthcenturyandstressedtheactualasopposedtotheimaginedorthefanciful.TheRealiststriedtowritetruthfullyandobjectivelyaboutordinarycharactersinordinarysituations.TheyreactedagainstRomanticism,rejectingheroic,adventurous,unusual,orunfamiliarsubjects.TheRealists,inturn,werefollowedbytheNaturalists,whotracedtheeffectsofheredityandenvironmentonpeoplehelplesstochangetheirsituations.Americanrealismgrewfromtheworkoflocal-colorwriterssuchasBretHarteandSarahOrneJewettandisevidentinthewritingsofmajorfiguressuchasMarkTwainandHenryJames.
Naturalism–AnoutgrowthofRealism,Naturalismwasaliterarymovementamongnovelistsattheendofthenineteenthcenturyandduringtheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.TheNaturaliststendedtoviewpeopleashaplessvictimsofimmutablenaturallaws.EarlyexponentsofNaturalismincludedStephenCrane,JackLondon,andTheodoreDreiser.
Regionalism–AnotheroutgrowthofRealism,Regionalisminliteratureisthetendencyamongcertainauthorstowriteaboutspecificgeographicalareas.RegionalwriterslikeWillaCatherandWilliamFaulkner,presentthedistinctcultureofanarea,includingitsspeech,customs,beliefs,andhistory.Local-colorwritingmaybeconsideredatypeofRegionalism,butRegionalists,likethesouthernwritersofthe1920’s,usuallygobeyondmerepresentationofculturalidiosyncrasiesandattempt,instead,asophisticatedsociologicaloranthropologicaltreatmentofthecultureofaregion.
Imagism–Imagismwasaliterarymovementthatflourishedbetween1912and1927.LedbyEzraPoundandAmyLowell,theImagistpoetsrejectednineteenth-centurypoeticformsandlanguage.Instead,theywroteshortpoemsthatusedordinarylanguageandfreeversetocreatesharp,exact,concentratedpictures.
ModernAge–(1915-1946)–Anageofdisillusionmentandconfusion—justlookatwhatwashappeninginhistoryintheUSduringthesedates—thisperiodbroughtusperhapsourbestwriters.Theauthor
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