单片机外文文献和中文翻译Word下载.docx
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单片机外文文献和中文翻译Word下载.docx
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Abstract
Withthedearthofdedicatedradiationhardenedfoundries,newandnoveltechniquesarebeingdevelopedforhardeningdesignsusingnon-dedicatedfoundryservices.Inthispaper,wewilldiscusstheimplicationsofvalidatingthesemethodsforthesingleeventeffects(SEE)inthespaceenvironment.Topicsincludethetypesofteststhatarerequiredandthedesigncoverage(i.e.,designlibraries:
dotheyneedvalidatingforeachapplication?
).Finally,an8051microcontrollercorefromNASAInstituteofAdvancedMicroelectronics(IAμE)CMOSUltraLowPowerRadiationTolerant(CULPRiT)designisevaluatedforSEEmitigativetechniquesagainsttwocommercial8051devices.
IndexTerms
SingleEventEffects,Hardened-By-Design,microcontroller,radiationeffects.
I.INTRODUCTION
NASAconstantlystrivestoprovidethebestcaptureofsciencewhileoperatinginaspaceradiationenvironmentusingaminimumofresources[1,2].Witharelativelylimitedselectionofradiation-hardenedmicroelectronicdevicesthatareoftentwoormoregenerationsofperformancebehindcommercialstate-ofthe-arttechnologies,NASA’sperformanceofthistaskisquitechallenging.Onemethodofalleviatingthisisbytheuseofcommercialfoundryalternativeswithnoorminimallyinvasivedesigntechniquesforhardening.Thisisoftencalledhardened-by-design(HBD).Buildingcustom-typeHBDdevicesusingdesignlibrariesandautomateddesigntoolsmayprovideNASAthesolutionitneedstomeetstringentscienceperformancespecificationsinatimely,cost-effective,andreliablemanner.
However,onequestionstillexists:
traditionalradiation-hardeneddeviceshavelotand/orwaferradiationqualificationtestsperformed;
whattypesoftestsarerequiredforHBDvalidation?
II.TESTINGHBDDEVICESCONSIDERATIONS
TestmethodologiesintheUnitedStatesexisttoqualifyindividualdevicesthroughstandardsandorganizationssuchasASTM,JEDEC,andMIL-STD-883.Typically,TID(Co-60)andSEE(heavyionand/orproton)arerequiredfordevicevalidation.SowhatisuniquetoHBDdevices?
Asopposedtoa“regular”commercial-off-the-shelf(COTS)deviceorapplicationspecificintegratedcircuit(ASIC)wherenohardeninghasbeenperformed,oneneedstodeterminehowvalidatedisthedesignlibraryasopposedtodeterminingthedevicehardness.Thatis,byusingtestchips,canwe“qualify”afuturedeviceusingthesamelibrary?
ConsiderifVendorAhasdesignedanewHBDlibraryportabletofoundriesBandC.Atestchipisdesigned,tested,anddeemedacceptable.NinemonthslateraNASAflightprojectentersthemixbydesigninganewdeviceusingVendorA’slibrary.Doesthisdevicerequirecompleteradiationqualificationtesting?
Toanswerthis,otherquestionsmustbeasked.
Howcompletewasthetestchip?
Wastheresufficientstatisticalcoverageofalllibraryelementstovalidateeachcell?
IfthenewNASAdesignusesapartiallyorinsufficientlycharacterizedportionofthedesignlibrary,fulltestingmightberequired.Ofcourse,ifpartoftheHBDwasrelyingoninherentradiationhardnessofaprocess,someofthetests(likeSELintheearlierexample)maybewaived.
Otherconsiderationsincludespeedofoperationandoperatingvoltage.Forexample,ifthetestchipwastestedstaticallyforSEEatapowersupplyvoltageof3.3V,isthedataapplicabletoa100MHzoperatingfrequencyat2.5V?
Dynamicconsiderations(i.e.,nonstaticoperation)includethepropagatedeffectsofSingleEventTransients(SETs).Thesecanbeagreaterconcernathigherfrequencies.
Thepointoftheconsiderationsisthatthedesignlibrarymustbeknown,thecoverageusedduringtestingisknown,thetestapplicationmustbethoroughlyunderstoodandthecharacteristicsofthefoundrymustbeknown.Ifalltheseareapplicableorhavebeenvalidatedbythetestchip,thennotestingmaybenecessary.AtaskwithinNASA’sElectronicPartsandPackaging(NEPP)Programwasperformedtoexplorethesetypesofconsiderations.
III.HBDTECHNOLOGYEVALUATIONUSINGTHE8051MICROCONTROLLER
Withtheirincreasingcapabilitiesandlowerpowerconsumption,microcontrollersareincreasinglybeingusedinNASAandDODsystemdesigns.ThereareexistingNASAandDoDprogramsthataredoingtechnologydevelopmenttoprovideHBD.Microcontrollersareonesuchvehiclethatisbeinginvestigatedtoquantifytheradiationhardnessimprovement.Examplesoftheseprogramsarethe8051microcontrollerbeingdevelopedbyMissionResearchCorporation(MRC)andtheIAμE(thefocusofthisstudy).AstheseHBDtechnologiesbecomeavailable,validationofthetechnology,inthenaturalspaceradiationenvironment,forNASA’suseinspaceflightsystemsisrequired.
The8051microcontrollerisanindustrystandardarchi
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