考研英语历年真题来源报刊阅读100篇IWord下载.docx
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考研英语历年真题来源报刊阅读100篇IWord下载.docx
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Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theglobalpopulationexplosionwasthebigdemographicbogey.RobertMcNamara,presidentoftheWorldBankinthe1970s,comparedthethreatofunmanageablepopulationpressureswiththedangerofnuclearwar.Nowthatworryhasevaporated,andthiscenturyisspookingitselfwiththeoppositefear:
theonsetofdemographicdecline.
TheshrinkageofRussiaandeasternEuropeisfamiliar,thoughnotperhapsthescaleofit:
Russia'
spopulationisexpectedtofallby22%between2005and2050,Ukraine'
sbyastaggering43%.Nowthephenomenoniscreepingintotherichworld:
Japanhasstartedtoshrinkandothers,suchasItalyandGermany,willsoonfollow.EvenChina'
spopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030s,accordingtotheUN,whichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries.
Demographicdeclineworriespeoplebecauseitisbelievedtogohandinhandwitheconomicdecline.Attheextremesitmaywellbetheresultofeconomicfactors:
pessimismmaydepressthebirthrateandpushupratesofsuicideandalcoholism.But,inthemain,demographicdeclineistheconsequenceofthelowfertilitythatgenerallygoeswithgrowingprosperity.InJapan,forinstance,birthratesfellbelowthereplacementrateof2.1childrenperwomaninthemid1970sandhavebeenparticularlylowinthepast15years.
Butifdemographicdeclineisnotgenerallyaconsequenceofeconomicdecline,surelyitmustbeacause?
Inacrudesense,yes.Aspopulationsshrink,GDPgrowthwillslow.Someeconomiesmayevenstarttoshrink,too.Theresultwillbealossofeconomicinfluence.
GovernmentshatetheideaofashrinkingpopulationbecausetheabsolutesizeofGDPmattersforgreatpowerstatus.Thebiggertheeconomy,thebiggerthemilitary,thegreaterthegeopoliticalclout:
annualGDPestimateswerefirstintroducedinAmericainthe1940saspartofitswareffort.Companiesworry,too:
theydonotliketheideaoftheirdomesticmarketsshrinking.Peopleshouldnotmind,though.WhatmattersforeconomicwelfareisGDPperperson.
ThecrucialquestionisthereforewhattheeffectofdemographicdeclineisonthegrowthofGDPperperson.Thebadnewsisthatthislookslikelytoslowbecauseworkingagepopulationswilldeclinemorerapidlythanoverallpopulations.Yetthisneednothappen.ProductivitygrowthmaykeepupgrowthinGDPperperson:
aslabourbecomesscarcer,andpressuretointroducenewtechnologiestoboostworkers'
efficiencyincreases,sotheproductivityoflabourmayrisefaster.Anyway,retirementagescanbeliftedtoincreasethesupplyoflabourevenwhenthepopulationisdeclining.
Peoplelovetoworry-maybeit'
sasymptomofageingpopulations-butthegloomsurroundingpopulationdeclinesmissesthemainpoint.Thenewdemographicsthatarecausingpopulationstoageandtoshrinkaresomethingtocelebrate.Humanitywasoncecaughtinthetrapofhighfertilityandhighmortality.Nowithasescapedintothefreedomoflowfertilityandlowmortality.Women'
scontroloverthenumberofchildrentheyhaveisanunqualifiedgood-asistheaverageperson'
senjoyment,inrichcountries,oftenmoreyearsoflifethantheyhadin1960.Politiciansmayfearthedeclineoftheirnations'
economicprowess,butpeopleshouldcelebratethenewdemographicsasheraldingagoldenage.
Pressure
n.①压(力);
②强制,压迫,压强;
v.强制,迫使
[真题例句]Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressure(n.①)willcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.[2005年新题型]
[例句精译]他们可能会认为如果一个省把一种药包括在一个药品名录单上,就会迫使其他省把这种药也包括在药品名录单上。
opposite
a.(to)对面的,对立的,相反的;
n.对立面,对立物;
prep.在......的对面
shrink
v.①起皱,收缩;
②退缩,畏缩
[真题例句]SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunk(①)orvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.[2000年阅读1]
[例句精译]面对国外竞争,一些大型的美国工业,如消费电子产业,已经萎缩或渐渐消失。
extreme
a.①末端的,尽头的;
②极度的,极端的;
n.①极端;
②最大程度;
③极度(状态)
[真题例句]ShipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernmentsSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextreme(a.②)cases.[2003年阅读3]
[例句精译]如果客户感到他们被多收费,他们有权上诉到联邦政府的"
陆路运输委员会"
以争取价格下调,但这个过程耗财、耗时,并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。
[真题例句](73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremes(n.①)attheoutset:
itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.[1997年翻译]
[例句精译](73)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端。
它使人们认为应当这样对待动物:
要么像对人类自身一样关心体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
prosperity
n.繁荣,兴旺
[真题例句]Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.[2000年阅读1]
[例句精译]美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。
Decline
v./n.①下倾,下降,下垂,衰落;
②斜面,倾斜;
v.拒绝,谢绝
[真题例句]Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdecline(n.①)beaboutto
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