INTERNATIONALCOPYRIGHTPROTECTIONWord文档下载推荐.docx
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INTERNATIONALCOPYRIGHTPROTECTIONWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Acopyrightisanexclusiverightconferredbylawforaspecifiedperiodoftimetoreproduceanoriginalliteraryorartisticworkfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression;
topreparederivativeworksbasedupontheoriginalwork;
andtopubliclyperformordisplaythework(Netscape1,1995).
Copyrightprotectionmeansthatusesofacopyrightedworkarelegalonlywithauthorizationfromthecopyrightowner,butitdoesnotapplytoanyidea,procedureusedinthecopyrightedwork,onlytoanauthor'
sparticularexpressionoftheideaorprocedureinatangiblemedium.
Internationalcopyrightprotectionreferstointernationalrecognitionofanauthor'
srightsundercopyrightinothercountries.Butcopyrightis,intrinsically,createdandenforcedbynationallaws.Everycountryintheworldhasitsowncopyrightlawthatapplieswithinitsownborders.Thereisnosuchathingasinternationalcopyrightlawthatautomaticallyprotectsanauthor'
swritingsthroughouttheworld.AlthoughtheoreticallycasesoninternationalcopyrightviolationcanbebroughttotheInternationalCourtofJustice,nocasehaseverbeenbroughttotheCourtsofar.
Givenits"
domestic"
nature,internationalcopyrightprotectionhasalwaysbeenacomplicatedproblemforallthecountries,which,totheirownbenefits,haveheldvaryingviewsabouttheproblemandhowitshouldbesolved.
II."
PRODUCERS"
VS."
CONSUMERS"
Priortothe19thcentury,copyrightlawwasessentiallyamatterofdomesticconcernformostcountries.However,ascreativeworksbegantobeexchangedbeyondnationalborderswithincreasingfrequency,transnationalprotectionforanauthor'
sworkbecamemoreandmoreimportantforthosecountrieswherecreativeworkswereproduced.They,the"
producers,"
woulddemandcompensationfrom"
consumers"
,thosecountrieswherecopyrightedworkswereused.Anearlyexampledatesbacktothechaosintheearlydaysofbulkprintinginthe15thcenturywhenCharlesDickensandotherpopularEnglishwriterssufferedwholesalepiracyoftheirworksbyAmericanprintersbecause,atthattime,copyrightsstoppedatthebordersofanauthor'
snativeland.ThispracticewasnotstoppeduntiltheU.S.agreedbytreatytorecognizeEnglishcopyrightsintheU.S.(Strong,1981).
Nowwiththeadvanceofcommunicationstechnologiessuchascableandcomputerdigitalization,theworldhasbecomeaglobalvillage.Copyrightprotectionisnotonlyimportanttoprintingandpublishingindustries,butalsotobroadcasting,computersoftware,high-techandentertainmentproducts.Asaresult,theancientpracticeofcommercialpiracyhasbecomesoseriousthatithasemergedasamajoreconomicandpoliticalproblembetweengovernmentsofdevelopedcountries,usuallythe"
producers"
ofcreativeworks,anddevelopingcountries,oftenthe"
consumers."
AccordingtoareportfromUSAToday(Cox,1996),theU.S.governmentthreatenedtoimposetradesanctionsof$2billioninChineseimportsifChinadoesnotcrackdownonpirateplantsproducingillegalcomputersoftwarecopyrightedbyMicrosoft,anAmericancompany.Whilewillingtopursueillegalmanufacturersmorevigorously,theChinesegovernmentsaiditwouldretaliateagainstsanctionsbyhittingU.S.goodswithsimilarduties.
Throughouthistory,internationalinfringementofcopyrighthasusuallyoccurredindevelopingcountries("
)wherethereisinadequateorineffectivecopyrightprotectionand/orwithfewerauthorsandinventors.Tosomedegree,copyrightcanalsobeseenasahistoricallyinevitabledevelopmentasnationsbecomemorematureintheirknowledgeindustries.Inthe1950s,Indiahasseriousdoubtsaboutinternationalcopyrightandinsistedthatdevelopingcountrieshadspecialneedwithregardtoknowledgetransfer,translationsandtextbooks.Indiadidagooddealofpiratingatthetime.However,asIndianpublishingindustrymatured,Indiatookamorefavorableviewtowardsinternationalcopyright.Piracyhasdiminishedsignificantly(Altbach,1988).
Infact,twotrendscanusuallybedetectedastohowadevelopingcountrymayinfringecopyrightsintheprocessofitseconomicdevelopment:
(1)Inanearlystage,theemphasisintheinfringingcountryisonpromotionandexports,duplicatingtheindustrialproductsorliteraryworks.Later,theinfringermayadoptlessaggressivetactics,turningtoborderlineareasofinfringement,ratherthanexactcopying.Thentheinfringermayobtainalegitimatelicense,eitherasabusinessstrategyorbecausetheownerbegantochallengetheinfringer.Finally,theinfringerlicenseemaydevelopitsownproducts.
(2)Asonegovernmentintroducesorstrengthensprotectiveenforcementmachinery,eitherbecauseofforeignthreatsofretaliationoroutofconcernforsafeguardingtheirowninterestsino
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