Book 1U1语法Word文件下载.docx
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Book 1U1语法Word文件下载.docx
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关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。
关系副词有when,where和why。
关系副词在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法
(一)基本用法
根据先行词及其在从定语句中所充当的成分不同,定语从句中要选用不同的关系代词。
如下表:
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语,宾语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但当介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
宾语
(1)MrSmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking.
(2)Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.
whose
人,物
定语
(1)Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
(2)Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.
that
(1)Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
(2)Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
(1)Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
(2)Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
(1)Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
(2)ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
e.g.
(1)Doyouknowtheprofessorwho/thatwillgiveusaspeechnextweek?
(作主语)
(2)Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.(作主语)
(3)Theplanthat/whichtheyarguedaboutwassettledatlast.(作宾语)
(4)Thisisthenewsecretary(who/whom/that)Iwouldliketointroducetoyou.(作宾语)
(5)Thesoldierwhoselegswerebadlywoundedwasoperatedonwithoutdelay.(作定语)
注意:
关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略,充当主语时则不能。
(见上例(3)(4))
(二)关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which,that在代替物时,一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下,只能用关系代词that。
1.先行词是形容词的最高级或它的前面有形容词的最高级来修饰时。
e.g.
(1)Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.
(2)Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.
2.先行词是序数词,或它前面有一个序数词时。
e.g.
(1)Thisisthelastplace(that)Iwanttovisit.
(2)ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.
3.先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等代词时。
e.g.
(1)Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.
(2)Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.
4.先行词前面有theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等修饰时。
e.g.
(1)Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.
(2)Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.
(三)宜用who,而不用that的一些情况
1.先行词是one,ones,anyone时。
e.g.
(1)Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.
(2)Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn’ttoknowit.
2.先行词是those时。
e.g.Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.
(四)其它情况
1.先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g.
(1)Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?
(2)Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.
2.主句已有疑问词who或which时。
e.g.
(1)Whichisthebikethatyoulost?
(2)Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?
(五)与whose有关的问题
1.whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。
e.g.
(1)Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.
(2)Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.
2.当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时,亦可用ofwhich的形式。
e.g.Thebuildingwhoseroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.
→Thebuilding,theroofofwhichyoucanseefromhere,isanewrestaurant.或
→Thebuilding,ofwhichtheroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.
三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时,介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如:
Haveyouseenthepen(which)Iwrotethenotewithjustnow?
(which作介词with的宾语)
→HaveyouseenthepenwithwhichIwrotethenotejustnow?
1.介词提前后,当先行词是人或物时,关系代词分别只能用whom和which,而不再用that或who。
2.介词提前后,关系代词不再能省略。
3.有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。
e.g.
(1)错误:
Whoistheoldmantothatyouweretalkingto?
正确:
Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?
或
Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?
(2)错误:
Thesearethesheepofwhichtheboytookcare.
Thesearethesheep(which/that)theboytookcareof.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
e.g.
(1)Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?
(2)Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.
(3)Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.
(4)Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.
(5)Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.
例(3)中的all意为“一切”,作单数。
例(5)中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人,因此谓语动词也用单数。
that与which,who,whom的用法区别:
情况
用法说明
只用that的情况
1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时;
2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时;
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时。
4.先行词既指人又指物时;
5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时;
6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时。
1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.
2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhavebeengivenout.
3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.
4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.
5.HeistheonlymanthatIwan
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