司法构造超越民事诉讼外文翻译Word下载.docx
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司法构造超越民事诉讼外文翻译Word下载.docx
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2008:
257-272
原文:
ConstructsofJustice:
BeyondCivilLitigationOf:
AlanJ.TomkinsandKimberlyApplequist
Itisthecasethatciviljusticeproblemsconstitutethebulkofcourts’workin
boththestateandfederallegalsystems(see,e.g.,CourtStatisticsProject,2006;
U.S.Courts,2007).Nevertheless,adecisionrenderedbyajury(orajudge)takesplaceinonlyarelativelysmallpercentageofcivildisputes.Thereareexponentiallymorecivildisputesresolvedoutsideofcourtthanareresolvedviajuryverdicts(see,e.g.,Galanter,1983,1993,1996;
Miller&
Sarat,1980–1981;
Trubek,Grossman,Felstiner,Kritzer,&
Sarat,1983),astateofaffairstruefortheUKaswellastheUS(Pleasence,2006).Hersch’s(2006)analysisofnearly3,800federalcivilcasesshowsevenalitigant’srequestforajurytrialratherthanabenchtrial(regardlessofwhetheritemanatesfromtheplaintifforthedefendant)intrial-eligiblecasesismorelikelytoresultintheparties’out-of-courtsettlementthanitistoresultinajuryverdict.
Theempiricalreality,thus,isthatjuriesplayonlyalimited—itisfairtosay,arelativelyminor—roleincivildisputeresolution.Yetjuryresearchhasdominatedthescholarshipofthepsychologyandlawcommunityvirtuallysincetherevivalofpsych-olegalresearchinthe1970s,andthepatternoffocusingonjurymatterscontinuestoday.Thischapterisacallforpsycholegalscholarstostudyciviljusticemattersbeyo-ndthecontextoflitigationandthecourts,bothtoallowustobetterunderstandtheresolutionofcivilissuesinthelitigation/courtcontextsandtobetterunderstandthelargerinstitutional(andsometimessocietal)contextsinwhichcivildisputesmaterializeandaremostoftenresolved(seeFelstiner,Abel,&
Galanter,1983,1993,1996;
Kritzer,Vidmar,&
Bogart,1991;
Trubeketal.,1984;
Trubek,Sarat,Felstiner,Kritzer,&
Grossman,1983).
Anareaofpsycholegalresearchthathasprovidedsignificantinsightsintocivildisputesisthedifferentconceptualizationsof‘‘justice.’’Overthelastfiftyyearsorso,therehasbeenagreatdealofcommentaryandresearchintovariouspsychosocialconstructsofjustice.InthischapterwefocusonthemoreProminentjusticetheories,thatis,distributive,procedural,restorative,andretributivejustice.
Briefly,distributivejusticeisconcernedprimarilywiththeperceivedfairnessoftheoutcomeofagivenproceeding,whetherthatproceedingisjudicial,quasijudicialorentirelynon-judicialinnature.Proceduraljustice,incontrast,isconcernedwithwhethertheproceduresusedinagivenprocessareconsideredfairbytheparticipants,andissimilarlynotrestrictedtojudicialsettings.Restorativejusticeisconcerned,asthenameimplies,withrestoringaninjuredpartytohisorherpre-injurystateandhelpingtheinjuringpartyrecognizeandredresstheinjuriousnatureofhisorheracts.Finally,retributivejusticelooksatthepsychologyofrespondingtoharmsthathavebeeninflicted.Recentresearchindicatesthatretributiveandrestorativejusticeprinciplesare,aswiththedistributiveandproceduraljusticecontexts,applicableoutsidethejudicialcontext.
Justiceconstructsaswellasthenumbers,theirboundaries,etc.ForpurposesofthisrelyontheconstructsofjusticeusedbyTomTyler,byfarthemostprolificandimportantofmodernjusticescholars,andhiscolleaguesintheirbook,SocialJusticeinaDiverseSociety.
BeyondCivilLitigation259distributionofresourcesamongcompetingparties,whileaneed-basedallocationmightresultinapreviouslydisadvantagedpartyreceivingalargershareoftheresources,andanefficiency-basedallocationmightcallfordistributingalargersharetothosepartiesthatproducethemost.Inagivensituation,then,howmightonedecidewhichprinciple(s)shouldbeappliedtomakeanappropriateallocationdetermination?
Thereis,perhapsnotsurprisingly,somedisputeaboutthis.Rawlshimselffeltthattheprinciplesapplyinsomesortoforderlyhierarchy,butothershavearguedthatpeoplemayusemostoralloftheprinciplestosomedegree,dependingonthegivensituation.Researchintheareaofdistributivejusticealsosuggeststhattheremaybedifferencesinpriorityforpeopleofdifferentdemographicgroups.Gender,race,andculturalbackgroundcanallaffectdistributionprioritization,ascancognitiveprocessessuchasattributions.
Giventheprinciplesthatappeartobeatworkinthedistributivejusticeconstruct,then,itisnotdifficulttoseehowresearchinthisareacouldtellusmuchnotonlyaboutciviljusticeincourtroomsettings,butalsoaboutlegislativedecisionsthatregulatecourtroomoutcomesorallocateresourcesdirectly.Distributivejusticeprincipleswouldbeparticularlyvaluablet
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- 关 键 词:
- 司法 构造 超越 民事诉讼 外文 翻译