HumeWord文档下载推荐.docx
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HumeWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Hume@#@DavidHume@#@JohnLockehaddeterminedthefundamentalprincipleofEmpiricism:
@#@theimmediateobjectofknowledgeissensationswhichthesubjectexperienceswithinhimself.@#@HumeaccepteddogmaticallywhathadbeentheinitialstepforLockeandBerkeley--namely,thattheobjectofknowledgeissolelythesenseimpressionsperceivedbythesubject.Buthedidnotallowhimselftomakeanyconcessiontoclassicalphilosophy,asLockehaddonebyadmittingthevalidityoftheprincipleofcausalityandtheexistenceofsubstance.Norwasheguidedbyanydogmaticorreligiousprinciples,suchasthosewhichhadledBerkeleytoadmittheexistenceofspiritualsubstance.Instead,Humelogicallydevelopedtoitsextremeconclusionstheempiristicprinciplethatsubjectiveimpressionsalonearetheimmediateobjectsofknowledge.Passageoutsideoursensitiveimpressionsisnotpossible.Hencethereisnometaphysics:
@#@weknownothingofGod,oftheexteriorworld,orofourownsoul.@#@Typesofrelations:
@#@Similarity,accordance,ratio,degreeofacertainquality,oppositequality;@#@spaceandtime,causeandeffect.@#@“HumeisourPolitics,HumeisourTrade,HumeisourPhilosophy,HumeisourReligion.”Thisstatementby19thcenturyBritishidealistphilosopherJamesHutchisonStirlingreflectsauniquepositionthatDavidHumeholdsinintellectualthought.HumeprofoundlyimpactedallofthedisciplinesnotedbyStirling,notonlyduringHume’sownlife,butforgenerationsafterandontoourownday.Partofhisfameandimportanceowestohisboldlyskepticalapproachtoarangeofphilosophicalsubjects.Hequestionedcommonnotionsofpersonalidentity,andarguedthatthereisnopermanent“self”thatcontinuesovertime.Hedismissedstandardaccountsofcausalityandarguedthatourconceptionsofcause/effectrelationsaregroundedinhabitsofthinking,ratherthanintheperceptionofcausalforcesintheexternalworlditself.Hearguedthatitisunreasonabletobelievetestimoniesofallegedmiraculousevents,and,accordingly,hintsthatweshouldrejectreligionsthatarefoundedonmiracletestimonies.AgainstthecommonbeliefofthetimethatGod’sexistencecouldbeproventhroughadesignorcausalargument,Humeofferedcompellingcriticismsofstandardtheisticproofs.Also,againstthecommonviewthatGodplaysanimportantroleinthecreationandreinforcementofmoralvalues,Humeofferedoneofthefirstpurelysecularmoraltheories,whichgroundedmoralityinthepleasingandusefulconsequencesthatresultfromouractions.@#@2.MainControversies@#@TheentiresequenceofcriticalreactionstoHume’swritingsconstitutesarecordofhisliteraryreputation.Arecurringreactionamonghisreadersisthathetriedtobeoriginalineverythinghewrote.Asonecriticstates,@#@ThegreatobjectofMr.Hume’sambition,asweareinformedbyhimself,wasliteraryfame.Andinordertoexcitepublicattention,heseemstohavethoughtitnecessarytobesingular.Accordingly,wefindanaffectationofsingularityofsentiment,verypredominantinhiswritings.[JosephTowers,ObservationsonMr.Hume’sHistoryofEngland(1778)]@#@Intheeyesofhisreaders,thisdriveforsingularitymanifesteditselfinphilosophicalscepticism,religiousinfidelity,andpoliticalarch-conservativism.Themorehewroteandcriticsresponded,themoreanauraofintrigueandevendangerdevelopedaroundhim.Thisnefariousreputationbecamesopronouncedthatitoftenencumberedhissociallifeandmadehimthetargetofverbalattacksandgrossmisrepresentation.WhateverviewsHumemayhavevoicedinhisscholarlywritings,inhisprivatelifehewasunpretentious,charitable,witty,and,aboveall,sociable.Ashisfriendstellus,herarelyengagedinseriousphilosophicaldiscourseatsocialgatherings,and,ifhedid,hegraciouslyacceptedrebuttalstohisscepticalandantireligiousviews.CriticswhoknewthissideofHumetreatedhimwithdignity.Others–particularlythoseunacquaintedwithhim–showednosuchrespect.@#@Fromthetimeofhisfirstpublishedworks,Humewasengagedinvariouspubliccontroversies.HefailedtoreceiveteachingappointmentsatbothEdinburghandGlasgowlargelybecauseofhisreputationasareligiousinfidel.Hisessay“OfMiracles”(1748)sparkedcriticalreactionsfromclergyofdifferentdenominations.ThefirstpublishedvolumeofhisHistory(1754)alsostruckarawnervebecauseofitsinsinuationthatChristianitywasmotivatedbyfanaticismandsuperstition.Oneofthemostpublicoftheearlycontroversies,though,involvedtheeffortsofsomeconservativeclergyintheScottishChurchtoexcommunicate–oratleastcensure–HumeandhiscolleagueHenryHome,LordKames,fortheirinfidelwritings.OneoftheinstigatorsofthiseffortwasretiredClergymanGeorgeAnderson(1677–1756)–althoughinhisretiredstatushecouldnotdirectly
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