Science And ReligonWord下载.docx
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Science And ReligonWord下载.docx
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[6.3.07]Topic:
CULTURE
WernerHeisenberginthelecturehall
PhotobyJochenHeisenberg
WERNERHEISENBERG(1901–1976)wasborninWü
rzberg,Germany,andreceivedhisdoctorateintheoreticalphysicsfromtheUniversityofMunich.HebecamefamousforhisgroundbreakingUncertainty(orIndeterminacy)PrincipleandwastherecipientofTheNobelPrizeinPhysics1932.AfterWorldWarIIhewasnameddirectoroftheMaxPlanckInstituteforPhysicsandAstrophysics.
WernerHeisenberg'
s
Edge
Biopage
OneeveningduringtheSolvayConference,someoftheyoungermembersstayedbehindintheloungeofthehotel.ThisgroupincludedWolfgangPauliandmyself,andwas
soonafterwardjoinedbyPaulDirac.Oneofussaid:
"
EinsteinkeepstalkingaboutGod:
whatarewetomakeofthat?
ItisextremelydifficulttoimaginethatascientistlikeEinsteinshouldhavesuchstrongtieswithareligioustradition."
"
NotsomuchEinsteinasMaxPlanck,"
someoneobjected."
FromsomeofPlanck'
sutterancesitwouldseemthatheseesnocontradictionbetweenreligionandscience,indeedthathebelievesthetwoareperfectlycompatible."
IwasaskedwhatIknewofPlanck'
sviewsonthesubject,andwhatIthoughtmyself.IhadspokentoPlanckononlyafewoccasions,mostlyaboutphysicsandnotaboutgeneralquestions,butIwasacquaintedwithsomeofPlanck'
sclosefriends,whohadtoldmeagreatdealabouthisattitude.
Iassume,"
Imusthavereplied,"
thatPlanckconsidersreligionandsciencecompatiblebecause,inhisview,theyrefertoquitedistinctfacetsofreality.Sciencedealswiththeobjective,materialworld.Itinvitesustomakeaccuratestatementsaboutobjectiverealityandtograspitsinterconnections.Religion,ontheotherhand,dealswiththeworldofvalues.Itconsiderswhatoughttobeorwhatweoughttodo,notwhatis.Inscienceweareconcernedtodiscoverwhatistrueorfalse;
inreligionwithwhatisgoodorevil,nobleorbase.Scienceisthebasisoftechnology,religionthebasisofethics.Inshort,theconflictbetweenthetwo,whichhasbeenragingsincetheeighteenthcentury,seemsfoundedonamisunderstanding,or,moreprecisely,onaconfusionoftheimagesandparablesofreligionwithscientificstatements.Needlesstosay,theresultmakesnosenseatall.Thisview,whichIknowsowellfrommyparents,associatesthetworealmswiththeobjectiveandsubjectiveaspectsoftheworldrespectively.Scienceis,sotospeak,themannerinwhichweconfront,inwhichweargueabout,theobjectivesideofreality.Religiousfaith,ontheotherhand,istheexpressionofthesubjectivedecisionsthathelpuschoosethestandardsbywhichweproposetoactandlive.Admittedly,wegenerallymakethesedecisionsinaccordancewiththeattitudesofthegrouptowhichwebelong,beitourfamily,nation,orculture.Ourdecisionsarestronglyinfluencedbyeducationalandenvironmentalfactors,butinthefinalanalysistheyaresubjectiveandhencenotgovernedbythe'
trueorfalse'
criterion.MaxPlanck,ifIunderstandhimrightly,hasusedthisfreedomandcomedownsquarelyonthesideoftheChristiantradition.Histhoughtsandactions,particularlyastheyaffecthispersonalrelationships,fitperfectlyintotheframeworkofthistradition,andnoonewillrespecthimthelessforit.Asfarasheisconcerned,therefore,thetworealms—theobjectiveandthesubjectivefacetsoftheworld—arequiteseparate,butImustconfessthatImyselfdonotfeelaltogetherhappyaboutthisseparation.Idoubtwhetherhumansocietiescanlivewithsosharpadistinctionbetweenknowledgeandfaith."
The1927SolvayConference,Brussels
CourtesyofSolvayInstitutes
[clicktoenlarge]
Wolfgangsharedmyconcern."
It'
sallboundtoendintears,"
hesaid."
Atthedawnofreligion,alltheknowledgeofaparticularcommunityfittedintoaspiritualframework,basedlargelyonreligiousvaluesandideas.Thespiritualframeworkitselfhadtobewithinthegraspofthesimplestmemberofthecommunity,evenifitsparablesandimagesconveyednomorethanthevaguesthintastotheirunderlyingvaluesandideas.Butifhehimselfistolivebythesevalues,theaveragemanhastobeconvincedthatthespiritualframeworkembracestheentirewisdomofhissociety.For'
believing'
doesnottohimmean'
takingforgranted,'
butrather'
trustingintheguidance'
ofacceptedvalues.Thatiswhysocietyisinsuchdangerwheneverfreshknowledgethreatenstoexplodetheoldspiritualforms.Thecompleteseparationofknowledgeandfaithcanatbestbeanemergencymeasure,affordsometemporaryrelief.Inwesternculture,forinstance,wemaywellreachthepointinthenottoodistantfuturewheretheparablesandimagesoftheoldreligionswillhavelosttheirpersuasiveforceevenfortheaverageperson;
whenth
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