自考英语词汇学学习资料文档格式.docx
- 文档编号:15858715
- 上传时间:2022-11-16
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:44
- 大小:86.62KB
自考英语词汇学学习资料文档格式.docx
《自考英语词汇学学习资料文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《自考英语词汇学学习资料文档格式.docx(44页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
“Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.”
Inbrief,awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;
withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning)capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction..[sinˈtæ
ktik]
句法的
Allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.
TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary
1.OldEnglish(449-1100)OE
ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngloSaxon,whichreplacedtheCelticspokenbytheformerinhabitants.
Thenextsevenhundredyears(449-1100)areknownastheOldEnglish(OE)orAnglo-Saxon(AS)periodoftheEnglishlanguage.
Thevocabulary:
FiftyorSixtythousandwords,whichwerechieflyAnglo-SaxonwithasmallmixtureofOldNorsewords.
LongbeforetheinvasionofEngland,Anglos-SaxonborrowedaconsiderablenumberofLatiinwordsandthencontinuedtoadoptwordsduringtheOldEnglishperiod,especiallyaftertheintroductionofChristianityintoBritainin579.
2.MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)ME
ThetransitionalperiodfromOldEnglishtoModernEnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish,whichischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.
SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;
butthemassescontinuedtospeakEnglish.Onlytowardthe15thcenturydidEnglishbecomeoncemorethelanguageofthewholecountry.
3.ModernEnglish(1500-thepresent)
TheEnglishlanguagefrom1500tothepresentiscalledModernEnglish.
IntheearlystageofModernEnglish(1500-1700)theRenaissance[riˈnæ
sns]
broughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.
TherenewedstudyofGreekintheRenaissancenotonlyledtotheborrowingofGreekwordsindirectlythroughthemediumofLatin,butalsoledtotheintroductionofsomeGreekwordsdirectlyintotheEnglishvocabulary.
Fromthe16thcenturyonward,Englishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguages,themajoronesbeingthethreeRomancelanguages,French,SpanishandItalian.
French:
attaché
charged’affairs,café
.
Italian:
(music,artandarchitecture)concert,duet,piano,solo,tenor;
model,studio;
dome,piazza.
Spanish:
armada,cargo,cocoa,cigar.
EnglishalsoadoptedwordsfromotherEuropeanlanguages.Portuguese(caste,pagoda),German(bismuth,cobalt,nickelandzinc);
Dutch(dock,freight,keel);
Russian(Vodka,troika,rubleandtsar)
Attheturnofthe19thand20thcenturies,asaresultofexploration,colonizationandtrade,manywordscameinfromnon-Europeanlanguages.
Example:
boomerang,kangaroo,dingo(Australian)
Sugar,sultan,alcohol(Arabic)
Coolie,cashmerekhaki(Indian)
Schmozzo,schmaltz(herbrew)
AssummedupinTheEncyclopediaAmericana:
“theEnglishlanguagehasvastdebits.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.ThemajorityarelikelytocomefromLatin,andofthosemorethanhalfwillcomethroughFrench.AconsiderablenumberwillderivedirectlyorindirectlyfromGreek.AsubstantialcontributionwillcomefromScandinavianlanguages,andasmallpercentagefromPortuguese,Italian,SpanishandDutch.Scatteredwordswillbefromvarioussourcesaroundtheglobe.”
TheRapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary(EspeciallyafterWWII)anditscauses
AfterWWII,neologismssweptinataratemuchfasterthanthatoftheprewarperiod.Themainreasonsforthefrequentappearanceofneologismsarethree:
1.Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology.(nuclearbomb,explorationofspace,computerscience)
2.Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges.
3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.
ClassificationofEnglishwordsAccordingtoDifferentCriteria.(byorigin,bylevelofusage,andbynotion)
A.Byorigin:
nativewordsandloadwords.
Nativewords:
WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharenativeEnglish.
LoanWords:
thoseborrowedfromotherlanguagesareloanwordsorborrowedwords.
MostnativewordsinModernEnglisharemonosyllabic..[ˈmɔnəusiˈlæ
bik]
单音节的theyarefromthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.
Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedoveranumberofepochs.
Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockare:
1.Nationalcharacter:
words
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 自考 英语 词汇学 学习 资料