Lecture TwoWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Lecture TwoWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Cold,fever,heal,mind
II.WordsoriginatedfromGreek
DuringandafterthefirstcenturyB.C.,RomansborrowedalotofGreekwordsintotheirownlanguage.SincetheRenaissance,manyclassicalLatinandGreekwordswereintroducedintoModernEnglish.ThemedicalterminologyhasbeengreatlyinfluencedbyGreek.Fromsuchwordsasgrammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,musicinearlyModernEnglishtothewordslikeacme(极期),anorexia(食欲缺乏,厌食症),colon,coma,diagnosis,dyspeptic,glaucoma(青光眼),metastasis(转移),necrosis,pandemic,paralysis,pneumonia,psychology.
III.WordsfromLatin
Thetwoinvasions,theRenaissanceandtheindustrialrevolution:
Before450A.D.,theRomanEmpireinvadersbroughtLatinintoBritishIslandforthefirsttime.ThesecondoccurredafterWilliamtheConquerorcameintotheBritishthroneandNorman-FrenchderivedfromAncientLatinbroughtmanywordsintoEnglish.EnglishborrowedalotfromLatinonceagainduetotheRenaissance.Certainly,theIndustrialRevolutionbroughtaboutthetechnologicalchangesinmanyfields,whichinevitablyrenderedgreatcontributionstotheEnglishvocabulary.
Abscess,acute,aorta(主动脉),autopsy,bacteria,cell,clinic,cortex,dystrophy,hydrophobia,inflame,medicine,muscle,obstetrics,placebo,panacea,prognosis,tumor.
IV.WordsfromFrench
Migrane(asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral)isderivedfromLatinhemicrania,whichwasborrowedfromGreekhemikrania,fromtheprefixhemi-andkranion(skull).
Hospital,faint,jaundice,doctor,benign,disease,mortuary,embolism,anatomy,artery,ambulance,antibiotic,chronic,lymph,malaise,pathology,surgeon,palpitation(心悸),prostate,rehabilitation.
V.WordsfromGerman
Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadeprogressinscienceandtechnology.NowwordswerecoinedinGerman.
Like:
aspirin,barbiturate巴比妥酸盐,biology,chemotherapy,chromosome,gene,genome,leukemia非白血性白血病,neuron,psychoanalysis,schizophrenia精神分裂症,testosterone睾丸酮.
VI.WordsfromItalian
Influenza,malaria,quarantine…
VII.WordsfromSpanish
Mosquito,quinine…
VIII.Wordsfromdirectcoinage
Acupuncture,antacid…
PartIICharacteristicsofMedicalTerms
I.Pronunciation
1.Someindividualletters
Theletterc:
cardiac,paracentesis,placenta,
Theletterg:
gastral,emergency
Theletterx:
xacrorin,anthrax炭疽
2.Consonantcombinations
Thecombinationch:
choke,chronic
Thecombinationph:
phobia,
Thecombinationrh:
rhinal.
3.Doubleconsonants
Cn–cnidoblast,gastrocnemius;
Gn–gnarl,prognosis
Mn–mneme记忆力,amnesia;
Pn–pneophorus,apnea;
Ps–psychalgia,apselaphesia;
Pt–ptyalin,hemoptysis咯血
II.Pluralformsofmedicalterms
PluralsofwordswithLatinendings:
Singularpluralsingularplural
-a-aeampullaampulae
Vertebravertebrae
-um-aflagellumflagella
Labiumlabia
-us-ibacillusbacilli
Bronchusbronchi
Focusfocci
-us-eragenusgenera
-us-oracorpuscorpora
-ex-ices/-esapexapices/apexes
-ix-ices/-esappendixappendices/appendixes
Cervixcervices/cervixes
Cortexcortices/cortexes
-s-savasvasa
PluralsofwordswithGreekendings:
Singularpluralsingularplural
-ma-mata/-senemaenemata/enemas
Fibromafibromata
Lymphomalymphomata
-on-aencephalonencephala
Ganglionganglia
Phenomenonphenomena
-is-esanalysisanalyses
Arthrosisarthroses
Crisiscrises
Dermatosisdermatoses
Epiphysisepiphyses
-is-idesepididymisepididymides
Glottisglottides
-ax-aces/-esthoraxthoraces/thoraxes
-inx-ingesmeninxmeninges
III.Synonymousphonomenonofmedicalterms
Overlappinginreferenceisverycommoninmedicalterminology.Forexample:
Bodybodigcorpus(Latin)soma(Greek)
Corporalsomatic
Corpusclesomatocyte
Corpsesomatology,
somatoscopy
ReferentNativeoriginLatinOriginGreekorigin
Bodybodigcorpussoma
Fatfattadip-lipo-
Handhondmanus-cheiro-,chiro-
Heartheortecor-cardia-
Jointjointartic-arthr-
Articulationarthrocele
Kidneykidenereren-nephro-
Navelnafelaumbilicusomphalos
Umbilicularomphalocele
Womanwimmanfem-gyn-
Exercise
Givethepluralformofthefollowingmedicalterms:
bursacytolysiscalculusdiagnos
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- Lecture Two