英语写作手册 英文版 知识点.docx

英语写作手册 英文版 知识点.docx

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英语写作手册英文版知识点

PartOne

ManuscriptForm

  Youshoulddoeverything-writingthetitle,leavingmargins,indenting,capitalizing.

Ⅰ.Arrangement排版

       Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.Capitalizethefirstandlastwordsofthetitleandallotherwords（includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords）exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions（and,or,but,nor,for）,prepositions,andthetoininfinitives.

            Indentthefirstlineofeveryparagraph,leavingaspaceofaboutfourorfiveletters.

Ⅱ.WordDivision移行

    Thegeneralprincipleistodivideawordaccordingtoitssyllables.Payattentiontothefollowing:

    One-syllablewordslikethrough,march,brainandpushedcannotbedivided.

    Donotwriteoneletterofawordattheendoratthebeginningofaline,evenifthatonelettermakesupasyllable,suchasa.lone,trick.y.

    Donotputatwo-lettersyllableatthebeginningofaline,likehat.ed,cab.in.

    Avoidseparatingpropernamesofpeopleorplaces,likeChi.na,Aus.ten.

    Dividehyphenatedwordsonlyatthehyphen:

father-in-law,empty-handed.

Donotdividewordsinawaythatmaymisleadthereader:

pea.cock,re.ally.

    Donotdividethelastwordonapage.Instead,writethewholewordonthenextpage.

Dividewordswithprefixesorsuffixesbetweentheprefixorsuffixandthebasepartoftheword:

re.state.ment,un.relent.ing.

Dividetwo-syllablewordswithdoubleconsonantsbetweenthetwoconsonants:

strug.gle,shat.ter.

Dividingwordsisnotalwayseasy.Whenindoubt,consultadictionary

Ⅲ.Capitalization大写

Capitalsareusedmainlyatthreeplaces:

thefirstwordsofsentences,keywordsintitles,andpropernames.

Ⅳ.Punctuation标点

V.Handwriting书法

Writecarefullysothatyourhandwritingcanbereadeasily.

PartTwo

Diction措词

Ⅰ.LevelsofWords词的类型

Thewordsthatareoftenusedmaybedivided,fromastylisticpointofview,intothreetypes:

formal,common,andinformal.

Formalwordsmayalsobecalledlearnedwords,orliterarywords,or"big"words.Theymainlyappearinformalwriting,mostofthemareseldomusedindailyconversation,exceptforspecialpurposes.

   thosethatpeopleuseeveryday,andappearinallkindsofwriting.,theyarecalledcommonwords.

Therearewordswhicharemainlyusedininformalorfamiliarconversation.Theyseldomappearinformalwriting,andinliteraryworkstheirmainuseistorecordpeople'sthoughtsanddialogues.TheyareusuallyshortwordsofoneortwosyllablesandmostofthemareofSaxonoriginWemaycalltheminformalwords

Slangwordsarehighlyinformal;theymaybevividandinteresting,buttheymay,whenusedinappropriately,makethewriterorspeakersoundoffensiveorfunny

Ⅱ.TheMeaningofWords词义

Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects:

denotativeandconnotative.Aword'sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.

Ⅲ.GeneralandSpecificWords泛指词和特指词

Specificwordshelptomakewritingclear,exact,vivid,andstriking,fortheyaremoreinformativeandexpressivethangeneralwords.

Ⅳ.Idioms习语

Anidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.

Idiomsarefrequentlyusedinspeechandwriting.Theyhelptomakeone'slanguagesoundnaturalandidiomatic.

Ⅴ.FiguresofSpeech修辞

Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally,whilewordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader'sorlistener'smindareusedfiguratively.

1.Simile明喻Itisacomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsandthecomparisonisindicatedbythewordasorlike.

2.Metaphor暗喻Itistheuseofawordwhichoriginallydenotesonethingtorefertoanotherwithasimilarquality.

3.Personification拟人Itistotreatathingoranideaasifitwerehumanorhadhumanqualities.Inpoetrypersonificationisverycommon:

Inprosepersonificationisalsoused,thoughnotsooftenasinpoetry.

4.Metonymy转喻Itissubstitutingthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.

5.Synecdoche提喻Whenapartissubstitutedforthewholeorthewholeissubstitutedforapart,synecdocheisapplied

6.Euphemism委婉语Itisthesubstitutionofamildorvagueexpressionforaharshorunpleasantone.

7.Irony反语Itistheuseofwordswhichareclearlyoppositetowhatismeant,inordertoachieveaspecialeffect.

8.Overstatementandunderstatement夸大和缩小Inoverstatementthedictionexaggeratesthesubject,andinunderstatementthewordsplaydownthemagnitudeorvalueofthesubject.Overstatementisalsocalledhyperbole.

Bothaimatthesameeffect:

tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.

9.TransferredEpithet移位