兰州交通大学英语B班B卷二级Word格式.docx
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兰州交通大学英语B班B卷二级Word格式.docx
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Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsontheAnswerSheet.
Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththegiveninformation;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictsthegiveninformation;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththegiveninformation.
FamilySociology
TheBasicFamilyStructures
Thestructureofthefamily,andtheneedsthatthefamilyfulfillsvaryfromsocietytosociety.Thenuclearfamily—twoadultsandtheirchildren—isthemainfamilyunitinmostwesternsocieties.Inothers,especiallyinAsiansocieties,itisasubordinatepartofanextendedfamilyunit,whichalsoconsistsofgrandparentsandotherrelatives.Athirdtypeoffamilyunit,whichisbecomingmoreprevalent,isthesingle-parentfamily,inwhichchildrenlivewithanunmarried,divorced,orwidowedmotherorfather.
HistoryandEvolutionoftheFamilyUnit
Thefamilyunitbeganprimarilyasaneconomicunit;
menhunted,whilewomengatheredandpreparedfoodandtendedchildren.Infanticide(杀婴的习俗)andexpulsion(逐出)oftheinfirm(衰老体弱者)whocouldnotworkwerecommon.Later,withtheadventofChristianity,marriageandchildbearingbecamecentralconcernsinreligiousteaching.However,afterthereformation,whichbeganinthe1500s,thepurelyreligiousnatureoffamilytieswaspartlyabandonedinfavorofcivilbonds.Today,mostWesternnationsnowrecognizethefamilyrelationshipasprimarilyacivilmatterratherthanareligiousone.
TheModernFamily
Themodernfamilydiffersfromearliertraditionalforms,primarilyinitsfunctions,composition,andlifecycleandintherolesofhusbandsandwives.Manyofthefunctionsthatwereonceperformedbyorwithinthetraditionalfamilyunitarenowperformedbyorwithincommunityinstitutions,e.g.,economicproduction(work),education,andrecreation.Inthemodernfamily,membersnowworkindifferentoccupationsandinlocationsawayfromthehome.Educationisprovidedbythestateorbyprivategroups.Organizedrecreationalactivitiesoftentakeplaceoutsidethehome.Thefamilyisstillresponsibleforthesocializationofchildren.Eveninthiscapacity,however,theinfluenceofpeersandofthemassmediahasassumedalargerrole.
Familycompositioninindustrialsocietieshasalsochangeddramatically.TheaveragenumberofchildrenborntoawomanintheUnitedStates,forexample,fellfrom7.0in1800to2.0bytheearly1990s.Consequently,thenumberofyearsseparatingthebirthsoftheyoungestandoldestchildrennormallydissolvedthroughthedeathofaspousebeforetheyoungestchildlefthome.Todayhusbandsandwivespotentiallyhaveaboutasmanyyearstogetherafterthechildrenleavehomeasbefore.
Duringthe20thcentury,extendedfamilyhouseholdsdeclinedinprevalence.Thischangeisassociatedparticularlywithincreasedresidentialmobilityandwithdiminishedfinancialresponsibilityofchildrenforagingparents,aspensionsfromjobsandgovernmentsponsoredbenefitsforretiredpeoplebecamemorecommon.
Bythe1970s,theprototypicalnuclearfamilyhadyieldedsomewhattomodifiedstructuresincludingtheone-parentfamily,thestepfamily,andthechildlessfamily.One-parentfamiliesinthepastwereusuallytheresultofthedeathofaspouse.Now,however,mostone-parentfamiliesaretheresultofdivorce,althoughsomearecreatedwhenunmarriedmothersbearchildren.In1991,morethanoneoutoffourchildrenlivedwithonlyoneparent,usuallythemother.Mostone-parentfamilies,however,eventuallybecametwo-parentfamiliesthroughremarriage.Astepfamilyiscreatedbyanewmarriageofasingleparent.Itmayconsistofaparentandchildrenandachildlessspouse,aparentandchildrenandaspousewhosechildrenliveelsewhere,ortwojoinedone-parentfamilies.Inastepfamily,problemsinrelationsbetweennon-biologicalparentsandchildrenmaygeneratetension;
thedifficultiescanbeespeciallygreatinthemarriageofsingleparentswhenthechildrenofbothparentslivewiththemassiblings.
Childlessfamiliesmaybeincreasinglytheresultofdeliberatechoiceandtheavailabilityofbirthcontrol.Formanyyears,theproportionofcouplesthatwerechildlessdeclinedsteadilyasvenereal(性病)andotherdiseasesthatcauseinfertilitywereconquered.Inthe1970s,however,thechangesinthestatusofwomenreversedthistrend.Couplesoftenelecttohavenochildrenortopostponehavingthemuntiltheircareersarewellestablished.
Sincethe1960s,severalvariationsonthefamilyunithaveemerged.Moreunmarriedcouplesarelivingtogether,beforeorinsteadofmarrying.Someelderlycouples,mostofte
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