美国文学史American literature 2Word文件下载.docx
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美国文学史American literature 2Word文件下载.docx
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oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthe historyofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'
sTheSketchBook(1820)andendedwithWhitman'
sLeavesofGrass(1855).
⏹
TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism
⏹AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.
⏹
(1)TheAmericannationalexperienceof"
pioneeringintothewest"
provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.
⏹
(2)ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.
⏹(3)WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.
⏹(4)ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.
⏹(5)Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.
Puritanism
⏹PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.TheAmericanPuritans,liketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtocomplete"
purity"
.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.
⏹ButinthegrimstruggleforsurvivalthatfollowedimmediatelyaftertheirarrivalinAmerica,theybecamemoreandmorepractical,asindeedtheyhadtobe.Puritanswerenotedforaspiritofmoralandreligiousearnestnessthatdeterminedtheirwholewayoflife.Puritans'
liveswereextremelydisciplinedandhard.Theydroveoutoftheirsettlementsallthoseopinionsthatseemeddangeroustothem,andhistoryhascriticizedtheiractions.Yetinthepersecutionofwhattheyconsiderederror,thePuritanswerenoworsethanmanyothermovementsinhistory.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmindandAmericanvalues.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaconspicuouslynoticeableandanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.
WashingIrving(1783-1859)
•FatherofAmericanShortStories
•FirstAmericanauthortomakealivingbyhispen,firstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism,.
•thefirstAmericanauthorofimaginativeliteraturetoachieveinternationaldistinction
“RipVanWinkle”
“瑞普凡温可尔”
TheLegendofSleepyHollow”
“睡谷传奇”
JamesFenimoreCooper
•Inhisfictionhedealtwiththethemesofwildernessversuscivilization,freedomversuslaw,orderversuschange,aristocratversusdemocrat,andnaturalrightsversuslegalrights.
•Hewasnotaseagerforchangeandgrowthasotherpeople.Hewasmoreconcernedaboutthevalueandtraditionsthatweregoingtobelostasthenationexpandedwestward.
TheLeatherstockingTales,《皮袜子故事集》
Transcendentalism
vTranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureinthe19thcentury.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognition(认知)inmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively(直觉地)”.TranscendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOver-soul,theindividualandNature.ThemostimportantrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau.
MajorFeatures
1.Thetranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheoversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.
2.Thetranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.
3.ThetranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Naturewasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.
RalphWaldoEmerson:
HisMajorworks:
Nature(1836)
TheAmericanScholar(1837)
SelfReliance(1841)
TheOver-Soul(1841)
ThePoet(1844)
Nature
HenryDavidThoreau梭罗
v"
CivilDisobedience"
.
v1854,Walden;
or,LifeintheWoods.
NathanielHawthorne(1804-l864)
oneofthemostinteresting,
yetmostambiva1entwritersin
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