《新编语言学教程》14单元课后答案Word文件下载.docx
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《新编语言学教程》14单元课后答案Word文件下载.docx
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1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.
(1)linguistics语言学:
thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.
(2)language语言:
asystemofarbitraryvocal任意的声音symbolsusedforhumancommunication.用于人类交流的任意声音符号系统
(3)arbitrariness任意性:
theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,语言符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.
(4)duality双重性:
thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.在一个层面上(语言和字母)的无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形成有意义的单位(词)
(5)competence语言能力:
knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasaformalabstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse作为一种形式抽象的语言的语法知识,区别于实际语言使用的行为,i.e.performance.
(6)performance语言运用:
Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orcompetence.乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术语不同于它的知识,或能力。
(8)phaticcommunion交际性谈话:
Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.语言是用来建立一个气氛或保持说话人和听话人之间的社会联系
(11)synchroniclinguistics共时语言学:
thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.语言和语言的研究,因为它们是在一个给定的时刻使用,而不是他们如何随着时间的推移演变
(12)diachroniclinguistics历时语言学:
thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.语言在时间上的变化与语言在特定时刻使用的对比研究
2.No,languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeatures,includingarbitrariness,duality,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,specializationandculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’orpigs’noisesandthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysystems.
3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthesameanimaldog,inEnglishwecallit/d0g/,inChineseas“gou”,but“yilu”inJapanese;
itbarkswowwowinEnglishbutwangwanginChinese.Ofcourse,onomatopoeticwordssuchas“quack-quack”and“bang”areexceptions,butwordslikethesearerelativelyfewcomparedwiththetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.
4.Ahumanbabydoesnotspeakanylanguageatbirth.Whatlanguagethebabyisgoingtospeakisdeterminedbythecultureheisborninto.AChinesebabybornandbroughtupinLondonbyanEnglishfamilywillspeakEnglish,whileanEnglishchildbroughtupinBeijingbyaChineseauntwillspeakChinese.Thatistosay,languagecannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.Itisculturallytransmitted.
5.Firstly,linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectnesswhiletraditionalgrammaremphasizescorrectness.Secondly,linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,whiletraditionalgrammaremphasizesthepriorityofthewrittenlanguage.Thirdly,traditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherlanguages,whilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits.
6.Adescriptiveapproachattemptstotellwhatisinthelanguagewhiletheprescriptiveapproachtellspeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostmodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,whereastraditionalgrammarsareprescriptive.
7.Synchroniclinguisticsstudieslanguageatoneparticulartimewhilediachroniclinguisticsstudieslanguagedevelopmentsthroughtime.Synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhilediachroniclinguisticsfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.
8.No,humanlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofspecialization.Itreferstothefactthatmandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.Forexample,amothercantellastorytoherchildwhileslicingupacake.However,wolvescanonlyrespondtoastimulusandistotallyinvolvedphysicallyinthecommunicationprocess.Thus,awolfcannothavealanguagesimilartoman’s,eventhoughitcouldexpressathousanddifferentemotions.Besides,theaspectofproductivityalsodistinguisheshumanlanguagefromwolf’spostures.
Chapter2
TheSoundsofLanguage
1.Defineeachofthefollowingtermsbriefly.
(1)articulator:
thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds.
(2)assimilation:
aphonologicalprocesswherebyasoundbecomesphoneticallysimilar(oridentical)toaneighboringsound,e.g.avowelbecomes[+nasal]whenfollowedbya[+nasal]consonant.
(3)consonant辅音:
aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureofpartofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudiblefriction.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarti
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