justice03文档格式.docx
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justice03文档格式.docx
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ItispossibletomakequalitativedistinctionsofworthandwetestedthatideawiththeSimpsonsandtheShakespeareexcerpts.
AndtheresultsofourexperimentseemtocallintoquestionMill'
sdistinctionbecauseagreatmanyofyoureportedthatyouprefertheSimpsonsbutthatyoustillconsiderShakespearetobethehigherortheworthierpleasure.
That'
sthedilemmawithwhichourexperimentconfrontsMill.
WhataboutMill'
sattempttoaccountfortheespeciallyweightycharacterofindividualrightsandjusticeinchapterfiveofUtilitarianism.
Hewantstosaythatindividualrightsareworthyofspecialrespect.
Infact,hegoessofarastosaythatjusticeisthemostsacredpartandthemostincomparablybindingpartofmorality.
ButthesamechallengecouldbeputtothispartofMill'
sdefense.
Whyisjusticethechiefpartandthemostbindingpartofourmorality?
Well,hesaysbecauseinthelongrun,ifwedojusticeandifwerespectrights,societyasawholewillbebetteroffinthelongrun.
Well,whataboutthat?
Whatifwehaveacasewheremakinganexceptionandviolatingindividualrightsactuallywillmakepeoplebetteroffinthelongrun?
Isitallrightthentousepeople?
AndthereisafurtherobjectionthatcouldberaisedagainstMill'
scaseforjusticeandrights.
Supposetheutilitariancalculusinthelongrunworksoutashesaysitwillsuchthatrespectingpeople'
srightsisawayofmakingeverybodybetteroffinthelongrun.
Isthattherightreason?
Isthattheonlyreasontorespectpeople?
Ifthedoctorgoesinandyankstheorgansfromthehealthypatientwhocameinforacheckuptosavefivelives,therewouldbeadverseeffectsinthelongrun.
Eventually,peoplewouldlearnaboutthisandwouldstopgoinginforcheckups.
Isittherightreason?
Istheonlyreasonthatyouasadoctorwon'
tyanktheorgansoutofthehealthypatientthatyouthink,well,ifIusehiminthisway,inthelongrunmoreliveswouldbelost?
Oristhereanotherreasonhavingtodowithintrinsicrespectforthepersonasanindividual?
Andifthatreasonmattersandit'
snotsoclearthatevenMill'
sutilitarianismcantakeaccountofit,fullytoexaminethesetwoworriesorobjections,toMill'
sdefenseweneedtopushfurther.
Andweneedtoaskinthecaseofhigherorworthierpleasuresaretheretheoriesofthegoodlifethatcanprovideindependentmoralstandardsfortheworthofpleasure?
Ifso,whatdotheylooklike?
sonequestion.
Inthecaseofjusticeandrights,ifwesuspectthatMillisimplicitlyleaningonnotionsofhumandignityorrespectforpersonthatarenotstrictlyspeakingutilitarian,weneedtolooktoseewhethertherearesomestrongertheoriesofrightsthatcanexplaintheintuitionwhichevenMillshares,theintuitionthatthereasonforrespectingindividualsandnotusingthemgoesbeyondevenutilityinthelongrun.
Today,weturntooneofthosestrongtheoriesofrights.
Strongtheoriesofrightsayindividualsmatternotjustasinstrumentstobeusedforalargersocialpurposeorforthesakeofmaximizingutility,individualsareseparatebeingswithseparatelivesworthyofrespect.
Andsoit'
samistake,accordingtostrongtheoriesorrights,it'
samistaketothinkaboutjusticeorlawbyjustaddinguppreferencesandvalues.
Thestrongrightstheoryweturntotodayislibertarianism.
Libertarianismtakesindividualrightsseriously.
It'
scalledlibertarianismbecauseitsaysthefundamentalindividualrightistherighttolibertypreciselybecauseweareseparateindividualbeings.
We'
renotavailabletoanyusethatthesocietymightdesireordevisepreciselybecauseweareindividualseparatehumanbeings.
Wehaveafundamentalrighttoliberty,andthatmeansarighttochoosefreely,toliveourlivesaswepleaseprovidedwerespectotherpeople'
srightstodothesame.
sthefundamentalidea.
RobertNozick,oneofthelibertarianphilosopherswereadforthiscourse,putsitthisway:
Individualshaverights.
Sostrongandfarreachingaretheserightsthattheyraisethequestionofwhat,ifanything,thestatemaydo.
Sowhatdoeslibertarianismsayabouttheroleofgovernmentorofthestate?
Well,therearethreethingsthatmostmodernstatesdothatonthelibertariantheoryofrightsareillegitimateorunjust.
Oneofthemispaternalistlegislation.
spassinglawsthatprotectpeoplefromthemselves,seatbeltlaws,forexample,ormotorcyclehelmetlaws.
Thelibertariansaysitmaybeagoodthingifpeoplewearseatbeltsbutthat
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