国外社会心理学3课件4PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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国外社会心理学3课件4PPT格式课件下载.ppt
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”WhentheyletpeopleanswerthesequestionsandotherpeoplelistenedtoonlytheanswerstheythoughttherespondentswerelikethequestionsaskedBaserates(Study3)andmonetaryincentivestobeaccurate(Study4)donoteliminatethiseffectSnyder&
Swan-ConfirmationBiasStudies1&
2combinedTheTrope&
BassokResponsetotheSnyder&
SwanStudyPeoplewouldpreferdiagnosticquestionstothetypesofquestionsSnyder&
Swanallowedthemtochoose.Whatquestionsdopeoplepreferintestingwhethersomeoneisanextravert,“Doyoushyawayfromsocialinteractions?
”or“Doyoutalkloudly?
”Peoplepreferred,“Doyoushyawayfromsocialinteractions?
”Furthertestingshowedthatpeopledopreferhypothesisconfirmingquestions,butdiagnosticityofthequestionsisastrongerdeterminantofwhatquestionspeoplewanttoask.Snyder,Tanke,&
Berscheid(1977)-BehavioralConfirmationMenbelievewomenareattractiveorunattractiveandthentheyhavearealconversation.Thetwosidesoftheconversationweretapedseparately.ConfirmatoryHypothesisTesting-menaskwomenquestionsthatelicitphysicalattractivenessstereotype(menweremorepleasanttowomenperceivedtobeattractive)BehaviorConfirmation-themensbehaviorcreatesconfirmationofthestereotype(mensattitudetowardthewomencreateditsownreality)Self-FulfillingPropheciesWord,Zanna,&
Cooper(1974)Study1-WhiteparticipantsinterviewBlackorWhiteConfederateStudy2-WhiteconfederatestrainedtointerviewlikeinterviewersinStudy1interviewWhiteparticipantsRosenthal&
Jacobson-teacherexpectancyeffectsInanumberofclassroomsstudentsarepickedoutatrandomanddesignatedtobelatebloomerswhoaregoingtoexhibitalargespurtintheirlearningability.Thesestudentsdiddobetteranditseemstobemediatedbyteachersinteractionswiththesestudents.Word,Zanna&
Cooper-Study1Word,Zanna,&
Cooper-Study2PerceivingCausalityNisbett&
WilsonStudiesRasingtheTidePowersawexperimentWhichpantyhosedoyoulike?
WilsonRelationshipStudiesListallthepositiveandnegativequalitiesofyourpartnerTellmehowmuchyoufeelaboutyourpartnerWhichpredictsbetter?
RaisingtheTidePerceivingRelationshipsBetweenVariables2X2tablesandhowwedontusethemIllusoryCorrelationChapman&
ChapmanstudiesHamiltonstudies-Stereotypeformationthroughillusorycorrelation?
FailuretoDetectActualCorrelationChapman&
ChapmanstudiesJennings,Amabile,&
Ross-correlationbetweenwalkingsticksandheightHypothesisTestingand2X2TablesOccurredYesNoPredictedYesAXNoYZIllusoryCorrelationWhenarepeopleaccurate?
PeoplecanperceivecorrelationsprettywelliftheyarehighWhentheirtheoriesarerightabouthowtheworldworkspeoplearefairlyaccurateWhentheyarefamiliarwiththedomain-suchaswhethertheyagreewithothersevaluationsofpeopletheyknowwellRatingsofabilityvs.personality(Kunda&
Nisbett,1986)PeoplearemuchmoreaccurateinestimatingconsistencyacrosssituationsforabilitiesthanforpersonalityTheycorrectlyperceivedthatpeoplesabilitiesvaryacrosssituations(someonewhoissmartinmathmaynotbeinEnglish)Theyincorrectlyoverestimatedtheconsistencyofpeoplespersonality(someonewhoisshyinclasswillbeshyatparties)HowDoWeMakeMoreComplexJudgementswithManyVariables?
Weunderstandthingsbetterwhentheyarepresentedinastoryline-Storymodelofjurydecisionmaking(Pennington&
Hastiestudies)PeoplespontaneouslyconstructstorieswhenviewingatrialHoweasyordifficultitistoconstructastoryinfluencestheverdictthatjuriesmake.WelikestoriesbestiftheyhaveExplanatorybreadthSimplicityExtenttowhichtheycanbeexplainedbyotherinformationCounterfactualThinking-WhatCausedThistoGoWrong?
ImagineyougettotheairportandyoumissedyourplaneByanhourorbyfiveminutesWhatwouldmakeyoumoreupset?
AnticipatoryRegretNotionofNormalityandMentalModelsClosenessoftheCounterfactualtotheActualEvent-AirplaneExample,OlympicMedalsExceptionvs.Routine-exceptioncausesmorecounterfactualthinkingControllabilityOtherFactorsthatAffectOurCounterfactualThoughtsActionvs.Inaction-doyoufeelworseifyoudidsomethingordidntdosomething?
BlackJack(Miller&
Taylor,1995)Theimportanceoftime(Gilovich&
Medvec,1995)-whatweregretmoredependsonwhenitoccurredEaseofMentalReplication(Miller,Turnbull,&
McFarland,1989)-StealingcookiesfromthecookiejarFunctionsofCounterfactualsMaypreventfutureproblemsLetusfeelbetterbyimagininghowthingscouldhavebeenworse
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