西方经济学10PPT文件格式下载.ppt
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西方经济学10PPT文件格式下载.ppt
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Whatmeasuresdoesthegovernmenthavetodealwithunemployment/inflation?
3FiscalGuidelinesProblemSolutionPolicytoolsUnemployment(recession)IncreaseaggregatedemandIncreasegovernmentspendingCuttaxesInflationReduceaggregatedemandCutgovernmentspendingIncreasetaxes41.TheObjectivesofEconomicPoliciesFullEmploymentStablePricesContinuousgrowthBalancedinternationalaccount52.FiscalPolicyFiscalpolicyistheuseofrevenuecollectionandgovernmentspendingtoinfluencetheeconomy.Thefiscalsystemismainlycomprisedoftwoaspects,i.e.fiscalrevenueandgovernmentspending.6FiscalRevenueTaxes:
Non-taxrevenues:
In-the-budgetrevenueOff-the-budgetrevenue(e.g.land-transferringfees,whichisacrucialsourceoffundsforlocalgovernments).FiscalRevenueofChina(2007)Source:
ChinaStatisticalYearbook20087GovernmentspendingGovernmentpurchases:
Armspurchase,administrativeexpenses,paymenttogovernmentofficials,publicprojects,etc.Transferpayment.Socialsecurity,governmentaid,andallowances.8MainItemsofNationalGovernmentExpenditure(2007)9FiscalDeficitandFiscalSurplusDefinition:
Fiscaldeficit:
revenuespendingApproachesofFiscalPolicies:
Balancingapproach:
Governmentshouldnotbalancespendingagainstrevenue.Discretionaryapproach:
Governmentshoulddecidespendingonthebasisofneed,notbalancing.10FiscalPoliciesAutomaticadjustment:
Taxchange;
governmentspending;
pricesofagriculturalproducts.Initiativeadjustment:
Expansionarypolicies:
Taxcut,governmentspendingexpansionsContractionaryfiscalpolicies:
Taxrateraise,governmentspendingreductionCompensatoryfiscalpolicy:
acombineduseofthetwotypesofpolicies.11PotentialProblemsofDiscretionaryFiscalPoliciesTimeelapse.Uncertainty.Uncertaintyinthesizeofthemultipliers.Uncertaintyinthetimeofpolicyfunctioning.Uncertaintyoftheeconomicenvironment.12TheMeaningOfMoneyMoneyisthesetofassetsinaneconomythatpeopleregularlyusetobuygoodsandservicesfromotherpeople.MoneyvsCurrencyMoneyvsWealthMoneyvsIncome13TheFunctionsofMoneyMoneyhasthreefunctionsintheeconomy:
MediumofexchangeStandardofvalueStoreofvalue14TheFunctionsOfMoney:
MediumOfExchangeAmediumofexchangeisanitemthatbuyersgivetosellerswhentheywanttopurchasegoodsandservices.anythingthatisreadilyacceptableaspayment.15TheFunctionsofMoneyStandardofvalueAStandardofvalueistheyardstickpeopleusetopostpricesandrecorddebts.StoreofValueAstoreofvalueisanitemthatpeoplecanusetotransferpurchasingpowerfromthepresenttothefuture.16TheFunctionsofMoneyLiquidityLiquidityistheeasewithwhichanassetcanbeconvertedintotheeconomysmediumofexchange.17TheKindsofMoneyCommoditymoneytakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue.Examples:
Gold,silver,cigarettes.Fiatmoneyisusedasmoneybecauseofgovernmentdecree.Itdoesnothaveintrinsicvalue.Examples:
Coins,currency,checkdeposits.18MoneyintheCanadianEconomyThequantityofmoneycirculatingintheeconomyiscalledthemoneystockCurrencyisthepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublic.Demanddepositsarebalancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccessondemandbywritingacheck.19TheSimpleCaseof100-Percent-ReserveBankingDepositsthatbankshavereceivedbuthavenotloanedoutarecalledreservesIfalldepositsareheldasreserves,thiswouldbecalled100-percent-reservebankingThefinancialpositionofthebankcanbeexpressedwithaT-accountFirstNationalBankFirstNationalBankAssetsLiabilitiesReserves$100Deposits$10020MoneyCreationwithFractional-ReserveBankingReservesaredepositsthatbankshavereceivedbuthavenotloanedout.Inafractional-reservebankingsystem,banksholdafractionofthemoneydepositedasreservesandlendouttherest.Thefractionoftotaldepositsthebankholdsasreservesiscalledthereserveratio.21MoneyCreationwithFractional-ReserveBankingWhenabankmakesaloanfromitsreserves,themoneysupplyincreases.Themoneysupplyisaffectedbytheamountdepositedinbanksandtheamountthatbanksloan.22MoneyCreationwithFractional-ReserveBankingDepositsintoabankarerecordedasbothassetsandliabilities.Thefractionoftotaldepositsthatabankhastokeepasreservesiscalledthereserveratio.Loansbecomeanassettothebank.23MoneyCreationwithFractional-ReserveBankingThisT-Accountshowsabankthatacceptsdeposits,keepsaportionasreserves,andlendsouttherest.Itassumesareserveratioof10%.AssetsLiabilitiesFirstNationalBankReserves$10.00Loans$90.00Deposits$100.00TotalAs
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