清华大学宏观经济学原理与现实课件第二讲PPT文档格式.ppt
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清华大学宏观经济学原理与现实课件第二讲PPT文档格式.ppt
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Inmacroeconomics,wedividethevastarrayofgoodsandservicesproducedinto:
ConsumptiongoodsandservicesInvestmentgoodsGovernmentgoodsandservicesExportsofgoodsandservices2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
FinalgoodorserviceAgoodorservicethatisproducedforitsfinaluserandnotasacomponentofanothergoodorservice.IntermediategoodorserviceAgoodorservicethatisproducedbyonefirm,boughtbyanotherfirm,andusedasacomponentofafinalgoodorservice.ConsumptiongoodsandservicesGoodsandservicesthatareboughtbyindividualsandusedtoprovidepersonalenjoymentandcontributetoapersonsstandardofliving.Forexample,moviesanddentalservices.InvestmentgoodsGoodsthatareboughtbybusinessestoincreasetheirproductiveresources.Forexample,cranesandtrucks.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*GovernmentgoodsandservicesGoodsandservicesthatareboughtbygovernments.Forexample,missilesandbridges.ExportsgoodsGoodsandservicesproducedintheUnitedStatesandsoldinothercountries.Forexample,computersandbankingservices.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*Figure2.1showstherelativemagnitudesofthedifferenttypesofgoodsandservicesin2002:
2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*Consumption61%Investment13%Government17%Exports9%2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*HowDoWeProduce?
FactorsofproductionTheproductiveresourcesusedtoproducegoodsandservices.Factorsofproductionaregroupedintofourcategories:
LandLaborCapitalEntrepreneurship2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*LandLandAllthe“giftsofnature”thatweusetoproducegoodsandservices.Allthethingswecallnaturalresources.Landincludesminerals,water,air,wildplants,animals,birds,andfishaswellasfarmlandandforests.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*LaborLaborTheworktimeandworkeffortthatpeopledevotetoproducinggoodsandservices.HumancapitalTheknowledgeandskillthatpeopleobtainfromeducation,on-the-jobtraining,andworkexperience.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*CapitalCapitalTools,instruments,machines,buildings,andotherconstructionsthathavebeenproducedinthepastandthatbusinessesnowusetoproducegoodsandservices.Capitalincludessemi-finishedgoods,officebuildings,andcomputers.Capitaldoesnotincludemoney,stocks,andbonds.Theyarefinancialresources.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurshipThehumanresourcethatorganizeslabor,land,andcapital.Entrepreneurscomeupwithnewideasaboutwhatandhowtoproduce,makebusinessdecisions,andbeartherisksthatarisefromthesedecisions.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*ForWhomDoWeProduce?
Factorsofproductionarepaidincomes:
RentIncomepaidfortheuseofland.WagesIncomepaidfortheservicesoflabor.InterestIncomepaidfortheuseofcapital.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*Profit(orloss)Incomeearnedbyanentrepreneurforrunningabusiness.FunctionaldistributionofincomeThepercentagedistributionofincomeamongthefactorsofproduction.PersonaldistributionofincomeThepercentagedistributionofincomeamongindividualpersons.2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*Figure2.2showsthefunctionaldistributionofincome:
Laborincome72%Netinterestincome8%Personalrentalincome2%Corporateincome9%Proprietorsincome9%2.1WHAT,HOW,ANDFORWHOM?
*Figure2.3showsthepersonaldistributionofincome:
Therichest20%earned47%oftotalincome.Thepoorest20%earnedonly5%oftotalincome.2.2CIRCULARFLOWS*CircularflowmodelAmodeloftheeconomythatshows:
Thecircularflowofexpendituresandincomesthatresultfromdecisionmakerschoicesandthewaythosechoicesinteractinmarketstodeterminewhat,how,andforwhomgoodsandservicesareproduced.2.2CIRCULARFLOWS*HouseholdsandFirmsHouseholdsIndividualsorpeoplelivingtogetherasdecision-makingunits.FirmsInstitutionsthatorganizeproductionofgoodsandservices.Firmsareownedbyhouseholds,directlyorindirectly(viagovernments)2.2CIRCULARFLOWS*IndustryClassification(China)Primaryindustry:
agriculture,forestry,animalhusbandryandfisherySecondaryindustry:
miningandquarrying,manufacturing,productionandsupplyofelectricity,waterandgas,andconstructionTertiaryindustry:
allothereconomicactivitiesnotincludedinprimaryorsecondaryindustry2.2CIRCULARFLOWS*Tertiaryindustry:
Transport,Storage,PostandTelecommunicationsWholesaleandRetailTradeandCateringServicesFinanceandInsuranceRealEstateSocialServicesHealthCare,SportsandSocialWelfareEducation,Cultureand
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