工程管理外文翻译.doc
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工程管理外文翻译.doc
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RiskAnalysisoftheInternationalConstructionProject
By:
PaulStanfordKupakuwana
CostEngineeringVol.51/No.9September2009
ABSTRACT
ThisanalysisusedacasestudymethodologytoanalysetheissuessurroundingthepartialcollapseoftheroofofabuildinghousingtheheadquartersoftheStandardsAssociationofZimbabwe(SAZ).Inparticular,itexaminedthepriorrolesplayedbytheteamofconstructionprofessionals.TheanalysisrevealedthattheSAZ?
straditionalconstructionprojectwasgenerallycharacterizedbyhighrisk.Therewasaclearindicationofthefailureofacontractorandarchitectsinpreventingand/ormitigatingpotentialconstructionproblemsasallegedbytheplaintiff.Itwasreasonabletoconcludethatbetweenthemthedefectsshouldhavebeendetectedearlierandrectifiedingoodtimebeforethepartialrooffailure.Itappearedjustifiedfortheplaintifftohavebroughtanegligenceclaimagainstboththecontractorandthearchitects.Theriskanalysisfacilitated,throughitsmulti-dimensionalapproachtoacriticalexaminationofaconstructionproblem,theidentificationofaneffectiveriskmanagementstrategyforfutureconstructionprojects.Itfurtherservedtoemphasizethepointthatclientsarebecomingmoredemanding,morediscerning,andlesswillingtoacceptriskwithoutrecompense.Clientsdonotwantsurprise,andaremorelikelytoengageinlitigationwhenthingsgowrong.
KEYWORDS:
Arbitration,claims,construction,contracts,litigation,projectandriskThestructuraldesignofthereinforcedconcreteelementswasdonebyconsultingengineersKnightPiesold(KP).QuantitysurveyingserviceswereprovidedbyHawkins,Leshnick&Bath(HLB).ThecontractwasawardedtoCentralAfricanBuildingCorporation(CABCO)whowasalsoresponsiblefortheprovisionofaspecialistroofstructureusingpatented“gangnail”rooftrusses.ThebuildingconstructionproceededtocompletionandwashandedovertotheownersonSept.12,1991.TheSAZtookeffectiveoccupationoftheheadquartersbuildingwithoutacertificateofoccupation.Also,thedefectsliabilityperiodwasonlythreemonths.
Theroofstructurewasinplace10yearsbeforepartialfailureinDecember1999.Thebuildinginsurancecoveragedidnotcoverenough,theCityofHarare,agovernmentmunicipality,issuedthecertificateofoccupation10yearsafteroccupation,andafterpartialcollapseoftheroof.
AtfirsttheSAZdecidedtogotoarbitration,butthisfailedtoyieldanimmediatesolution.TheSAZthendecidedtoproceedtolitigateincourtandtobringanegligenceclaimagainstCABCO.Thepreparationforarbitrationwasreusedforlitigation.TheSAZ?
squantifiedlossesstoodatapproximately$6millioninZimbabwedollars(US$1.2m).
Afterallpartieshadexaminedthefactsandevidencebeforethem,itbecameclearthattherewasagreatprobabilitythatthecourtsmightrulethatboththearchitectsandthecontractorwereliable.Itwasatthisstagethatthedefendants?
lawyersrequestedthatthematterbesettledoutofcourt.Theplaintiffagreedtothissuggestion,withthetermsofthesettlementkeptconfidential.
TheaimofthiscriticalanalysiswastoanalysetheissuessurroundingthepartialcollapseoftheroofofthebuildinghousingtheHQofStandardAssociationofZimbabwe.Itexaminedthepriorrolesplayedbytheprojectmanagementfunctionandconstructionprofessionalsinpreventing/mitigatingpotentialconstructionproblems.Itfurtherassessedtheextenttowhichtheemployer/clientandpartiestoaconstructioncontractareabletorecoverdamagesunderthatcontract.Themainobjectiveofthiscriticalanalysiswastoidentifyaneffectiveriskmanagementstrategyforfutureconstructionprojects.Theimportanceofthisstudyisitsmultidimensionalexaminationapproach.
Experiencesuggeststhatparticipantsinaprojectarewellabletoidentifyrisksbasedontheirownexperience.Theadoptionofariskmanagementapproach,basedsolelyinpastexperienceanddependantonjudgement,mayworkreasonablywellinastablelowriskenvironment.Itisunlikelytobeeffectivewherethereisachange.Thisisbecausechangerequirestheextrapolationofpastexperience,whichcouldbemisleading.Allconstructionprojectsareprototypestosomeextentandimplychange.Changeintheconstructionindustryitselfsuggeststhatpastexperienceisunlikelyto
besufficientonitsown.Astructuredapproachisrequired.Suchastructurecannotandmustnotreplacetheexperienceandexpertiseoftheparticipant.Rather,itbringsadditionalbenefitsthatassisttoclarifyobjectives,identifythenatureoftheuncertainties,introduceseffectivecommunicationsystems,improvesdecision-making,introduceseffectiveriskcontrolmeasures,protectstheprojectobjectivesandprovidesknowledgeoftheriskhistory.
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