OUTLININGPPT资料.ppt
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OUTLININGPPT资料.ppt
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AidsintheprocessofwritingHelpsyouorganizeyourideasPresentsyourmaterialinalogicalformShowstherelationshipsamongideasinyourwritingConstructsanorderedoverviewofyourwritingDefinesboundariesandgroupsHowdoIcreateanoutline?
Determinethepurposeofyourpaper.Determinetheaudienceyouarewritingfor.Developthethesisofyourpaper.Then:
Brainstorm:
Listalltheideasthatyouwanttoincludeinyourpaper.Organize:
Grouprelatedideastogether.Order:
Arrangematerialinsubsectionsfromgeneraltospecificorfromabstracttoconcrete.Label:
Createmainandsubheadings.DefiningtheKindsofOutlinesAscratchoutlinescratchoutlineisapreliminarylistthatletsyouseewhereyouneedtogo.Itisaroughlistofyourfirstideas.Ascratchoutlinescratchoutlineisastartingpointonly.Itisputtingontheclotheswithouttheaccessories.Ascratchoutlinescratchoutlineoftenchangessignificantlyasyoubegintoresearchandwrite.TwoExamplesTheScratchOutlineProblemswithImmigrationWhoshouldbeallowedtoimmigrate?
Whatscreeningproceduresshouldweuse?
Whoshouldbegivenstudentvisas?
Whatchecksshouldthegovernmentmake?
Shouldtherebeanumberlimitonimmigration?
DEFININGTHEFORMALOUTLINEAformaloutlineshows,inlogicalorder,whatyouwillbewritingabout.AformaloutlinehelpsyouseparatemainideasandsupportingideasAformaloutlinegivesyouafoundationfromwhichtobuildanintroduction,abody,andaconclusion.Aformaloutlineoftenchangesafteryouwriteyourfirstdraft.Itwillshowyouwhereyouneedtoaddmoreresearchormakeotherchanges.FORMALOUTLINEAddressingImmigrationafter9/11I.IntroductionII.CriteriaforimmigrationA.PoliticalrefugeesB.RelativesofcitizensC.OtherapplicationsIII.ScreeningCriteriaA.MedicalScreeningB.InterviewC.PsychologicalscreeningD.BackgroundcheckIV.StudentsA.PurposeofstudyB.Commitmenttostudy1.Howlongwilltheystay?
2.Howwilltheyfinancetheireducationandsupportthemselves?
C.ValuetooureducationalsystemV.GovernmentoversightA.ObligationtohaveperiodicchecksonimmigrantsandstudentsB.ReportinganylegalviolationsorsuspiciousbehaviorC.ThegovernmentneedstolimitthenumberofimmigrantsVI.ConclusionSCRATCHVS.FORMALAscratchoutlineisacollectionofnotesorideasthatneedstoberefinedandexpanded.Itsarawmaterialratherthanafinishedproduct.Aformaloutlineshowsevidenceofthought,revision,planning,orresearch.Itusesaprescribedformat:
Romannumerals,uppercaseletters,numbers,andlowercaseletters.Itmaybefurtherexpandedorrevisedasresearchprogresses.CreatinganOutlineTakeseveralminutestocreateanoutline.Thinkaboutthegiventopicandmakeascratchoutline:
Jotdownwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthistopic.Thinkaboutwhatyouwanttolearnorexploreaboutthistopic.Thinkaboutwhatconclusionsyoumayreach.Topic:
Ensuringtravelsafetyin(airports,trainstations,busterminals)TimetoCompare!
Exchangeyourscratchoutlinewithapartner.Haveafive-minutediscussioninwhichyoutaketurnsexplainingwhatyouwroteinyouroutline.LETSGETFORMAL!
Withyourexpandedknowledge,trytocreateaformaloutlineforyouressayonensuringairportsafety.Yourtitlewillbetheumbrellaunderwhichyouplaceyourmaintopicsandsubtopics.RemembertouseRomannumerals,upperandlowercaseletters,andnumbers.EnsuringAirportSafetySummaryLetssummarizewhatyouhavelearned:
OUTLINESI.DefinitionA.ScratchOutline1.Informal,preliminaryB.FormalOutline1.Moreformal,requiresmoreresearchII.PurposeforUsinganOutlineA.TohelporganizekeyideasinwritinganessayorresearchpaperB.TohelpsummarizekeyideasinreadingC.TohelpyoudevelopsubtopicsParallelismHowdoIaccomplishthis?
Eachheadingandsubheadingshouldpreserveparallelstructure.Ifthefirstheadingisaverb,thesecondheadingshouldbeaverb.Example:
CHOOSEDESIREDCOLLEGESPREPAREAPPLICATION(ChooseandPreparearebothverbs.Thepresenttenseoftheverbisusuallythepreferredformforanoutline.)CoordinationHowdoIaccomplishthis?
AlltheinformationcontainedinHeading1shouldhavethesamesignificanceastheinformationcontainedinHeading2.Thesamegoesforthesubheadings(whichshouldbelesssignificantthantheheadings).Example:
VISITANDEVALUATECOLLEGECAMPUSESVISITANDEVALUATECOLLEGEWEBSITESA.NoteimportantstatisticsB.Lookforinterestingclasses(CampusandWebsitesvisitsareequallysignificant.Theyarepartofthemaintasksyouwouldneedtodo.FindingstatisticsandclassesfoundoncollegeWebsitesarepartsoftheprocessinvolvedincarryingout
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