新编简明英语语言学教程pptPPT文件格式下载.ppt
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新编简明英语语言学教程pptPPT文件格式下载.ppt
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ANewConciseCourseinLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglishZHUMeijun,EnDept,FLS,ZJNC,TheGoalsforthisCourseTogetascientificviewonlanguage;@#@Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;@#@Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&@#@learning(SLAorTEFL),crossculturalcommunication;@#@Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.TheRequirementsforthiscourseClassattendanceClassroomdiscussionFulfillmentoftheassignmentExaminationReferenceBooks戴炜栋,何兆熊,(2002),新编简明英语语言学教程,上海外语教育出版社。
@#@胡壮麟,(2001),语言学教程,北京大学出版社。
@#@刘润清,(1995),西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版社。
@#@Fromkin,V.&@#@R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguagethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:
@#@Holt,Ranehart&@#@Winston,Inc.Chapter1.Introduction1.Whatislanguage?
@#@Languagecanmeanwhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage)aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)asetofrules.(rule-governed)Sapirsdefinition(1921)“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Hallsdefinition(1968)Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”Chomskysdefinition(1957)“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.LanguageisasystemSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;@#@cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.LanguageisarbitraryArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.LanguageissymbolicinnatureSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-ShakespeareLanguageisprimarilyvocalVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;@#@writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.LanguageishumanspecificHuman-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmissionArbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.Onomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:
@#@rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:
@#@putong,shasha,dingdang)Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopyProductivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages,usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;@#@beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality(doublearticulation)Lowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Acommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:
@#@realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.AgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.Culturaltransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;@#@ratherthanbyinstinct).Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupin
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