医学英语-biochemistryPPT文件格式下载.ppt
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医学英语-biochemistryPPT文件格式下载.ppt
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(1)Thestructuralchemistryofthecomponentsoflivingmatterandtherelationshipofbiologicalfunctiontochemicalstructure.
(2)MetabolismAllchemicalreactionsoccursinlivingorganism.(3)Thechemistryofprocessesandsubstancesthatstoreandtransmitbiologicalinformation(MolecularGenetics).FoundationsofModernBiochemistryBiochemistrysrootsasadistinctfieldofstudydatetotheearly19thcentury.In1828,Whler:
synthesizedureainlabfromtheinorganiccompoundammoniumcyanate.In1875,WalterFlemming:
discoveredchromosomesandidentifieditasgeneticelementsby1902.FoundationsofModernBiochemistry1930-1950,electronmicroscope:
providedawholenewlevelofinsightintocellularstructure.Nucleicacidshadbeenisolatedin1869.Theideaofthegene(GregorMendel)Byabout1900,cellbiologistsrealizedthatgenesmustbefoundinchromosomes.FoundationsofModernBiochemistryExperimentsprovedconclusivelythatdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)isthebearerofgeneticinformation.thedouble-helicalstructureofDNA(revolvingladderoflife)(JamesWatsonandFrancisCrick,1953)Theinformationencodedinthestructureofmoleculesistransmittedintactfromonegenerationtothenext.Biochemistry,cellbiology,andgenetics-molecularbiologybiochemistryFoundationsofModernBiochemistryBiochemistrydrawsitsmajorthemesfrom:
(1)Organicchemistry:
describesthepropertiesof
(2)Biophysics:
tostudythestructuresofbiomolecules;
(3)Medicalresearch:
understanddiseasestates(4)Nutrition:
illuminatedmetabolismbydescribingthedietaryrequirementsformaintenanceofhealth;
FoundationsofModernBiochemistry(5)Microbiology,(6)Physiology,lifeprocessesatthetissueandorganismlevels;
(7)Cellbiology:
biochemicaldivisionoflaborinacell;
(8)Genetics:
describesmechanismsthatgiveaparticularcellororganismitsbiochemicalidentity.UsesofBiochemistryTheresultsofbiochemicalresearch:
areusedextensivelyintheworldoutsidethelaboratoryinagriculture,medicalsciences,nutrition,andmanyotherfields.UsesofBiochemistryInclinicalchemistry,biochemicalmeasurementsonpeoplehelpdiagnoseillnessesandmonitorresponsestotreatment.Liverdisease:
measurementsofbloodlevelsofenzymescalledtransaminasesandofahemoglobinbreakdownproductcalledbilirubin.UsesofBiochemistryPharmacologyandtoxicologyareconcernedwiththeeffectsofexternalchemicalsubstancesonmetabolism.Drugsandpoisonsusuallyactbyinterferingwithspecificmetabolicpathways.e.g.:
penicillinAparticularlyexcitingprospectincontemporarybiochemistryisthatofcreatingso-calleddesignerdrugs.Importantdiscoveries:
1833,AnselmePayen,thefirstenzyme,diastase.1953,HansAdolfKrebs,Krebscycle(citricacidcycle).1956,JamesD.Watson,FrancisCrick,DNAstructure,genetransferinformation.1958,GeorgeBeadle,EdwardTatum,onegeneproducesoneenzyme.2006,AndrewZ.Fire,CraigC.Mello,RNAiinthesilencingofgeneexpression.2009,VenkatramanRamakrishnan,ThomasA.Steitzribosomeatomiclevelresearch.GertyCoriandCarlCoriWatsonandCrickAndrewZ.FireandCraigC.MelloNobelPrizesputBiochemistryinthespotlightSirJohnB.GurdonShinyaYamanakaElementsMostearthorganismssharechemicalelementneeds,6elementscarbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,oxygen,calcium,andphosphorusmakeupalmost99%ofthemassofahumanbody.BasicThemesHowdoesbiochemistrydescribelifeprocesses?
Howdidlivingthingsoriginate?
TheBeginningsofBiology:
OriginofLifeHowwerebiomoleculeslikelytohaveformedontheearlyEarth?
Whichcamefirstthecatalystsorthehereditarymolecules?
AtomsMoleculesmacromoleculesorganellescarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Dehydrationsynthesis:
Monomers(micromolecules)polymers(macromolecules)Biologicalactivity:
differentmacromoleculeslargercomplexesglucose(C6H12O6),MoleculestriglycerideProteinsThereare20aminoacids,eachcontainingacarboxylgroup,anaminogroup,andaside-chain(Rgroup).Whenaminoacidscombine,theyformaspecialbondcalledapeptidebondthroughdehydrationsynthesis,andbecomeapolypeptide,orprotein.Antibodies;
enzymes;
Thestructureofproteinsisdescribedin
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