采购与供应链管理5PPT资料.ppt
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采购与供应链管理5PPT资料.ppt
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在一个组织中,采购部门可能只是简单地扮演了一个订货机构的角色,其主要活动就是处理购货订单;
而在另一个组织中,采购可能被当作一项战略活动而被整合到全部的主要经营过程中。
本章将介绍如下内容:
CopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessProgrammePrimarytasksandresponsibilitiesPolicyprinciplesPurchasingmanagementprocessHowpurchasingandsupplymanagementdevelopsovertimeCopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPurchasingsprimarytasksandresponsibilities(采购职能的主要任务和责任)1.ContributiontothecontinuityofthecompanysprimaryactivitiesItspurchasingstasktosecuresupplyfromreliablesuppliersatconsistent(一致性的)qualityatreasonable(total)cost.必须符合内部用户的需求,以供应为目标、为导向。
2.Controlandreductionofallpurchasing-relatedcostsPurchasingneedstomakesurethatgoodsandservicesaresuppliedatthelowestcostofownership(TCO,所有权总成本).TCOconsistofthreeelements:
1.Directmaterialcost2.Allindirectcostrelatedtothehandlingofmaterials(inspection,materialshandling,administration,scrap(废料,报废)etc.)3.AllothercoststobemadeduringthelifecycleoftheproductCopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPrimarytasksandresponsibilities3.ReductionofthecompanysriskexposureinrelationtoitssupplymarketsThecompanyshouldtrytoavoidbecomingtoodependentonjustafewsuppliers.Typeofriskstobeminimized:
1Commercialrisk2Supplyrisk3.Technologicalrisk4.Contributiontoproductandprocessinnovation(对产品和工艺对产品和工艺革新做出贡献)革新做出贡献)供应商通常是新产品和工艺的一个来源。
Technologydevelopmentstakeplaceatsucharatethatevenlargecompaniescannotgeneratealltheinvestmentsneeded.ThisleadstopartnershipswithsuppliersintheR&
Dfield.如smart汽车等的开发P80CopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPrimarytasksandresponsibilitiesThecompanysimageisnotonlydeterminedbywhatitcommunicatestoitscustomermarketsandthefinancialcommunity(金融界)butisalsoinfluencedbywhatitcommunicatestoitssuppliers.Itisthereforeimportantthatpurchasingworksaccordingtoasetofpurchasingprocedures(建立良好的沟通方式,树立好的企业形象)whichdescribe:
howordersareplacedwhoisauthorizedtomakepurchasingdecisionshowthepurchasingprocessisstructured采购程序的例子(一些规则):
如果没有对应的订单,就不会向供应商开出的发票付款;
所有超过一定数量的购货合同需要向三个以上的供应商发出定价单。
Meomo5.1“推销”采购政策,P81CopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPrimarytasksandresponsibilitiesSomeobservations(几点注意事项)几点注意事项):
内部用户导向:
Inordertobesuccessful,anexplicit(internal)customerorientationisnecessary.采购者应花相当的时间与内部用户沟通。
多目标问题:
Thevariouspurchasingtaskscanbecontradictory:
singlesourcingisoftenbasedontheobjectivetoreducecosts(byplacingallpurchasingrequirementswithonesupplier,betterconditionscanbenegotiated).Howeverthiscanleadtoincreasedsupplyriskand/ordependencyononesupplier.提高采购员的素质:
ThecollaborationbetweenpurchasingandtheR&
Ddepartmentcanbefrustrated(受挫)becausebuyerslacktherequiredtechnicalbackground.Purchasingsstaffshouldbeupgradedtobringitinlinewiththesurroundingbusinessareas(使之与周围的商业领域处于一致的水平).CopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPolicyprinciples(政策原则)名词解释(英汉双解字典):
Policy:
Aplanorcourseofaction,asofagovernment,politicalparty,orbusiness,intendedtoinfluenceanddeterminedecisions,actions,andothermatters:
政策:
一个计划或行动路线,如政府、政党或企业的计划或行动路线,意在影响和确定决定、行动和其它事情政策就是决策和行动的指南CopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPolicyprinciplesBusinessorientation(商业导向,经营导向)Developingapurchasingandsupplystrategyrequiresathoroughunderstandingofthecompanysbusinesspolicy.Questionslike:
Whatendusermarketsisthecompanytargetingandwhatarethemajordevelopmentsinthosemarkets?
Whatisthecompanysvalueofferingandhowcanitbeimproved?
Whatcompetitionisthecompanysufferingfrom?
Towhatextent(程度)canmaterialspriceincreasesbepassedontothefinalcustomer?
Whatchangesinthecompanysproduct(ion)andITarehappening?
Whatinvestmentswillbemadeinnewproductsandtechnology,whichproductswilldisappear?
mustbeunderstoodbecauseitwilldeterminehowpurchasingandsupplystrategiesmustsupportthecompanysobjectivesandstrategies.CopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPolicyprinciplesIntegrated,cross-functionalapproach(集成的、跨职能的方法)Purchasingdecisionscannotbemadeinisolationandshouldnotbeaimedatoptimizationofpurchasingperformanceonly.PurchasingdecisionsshouldtakeintoaccounttheeffectsontheotherprimaryactivitiesandthereforedecisionsshouldbebebasedonbalancingTCO.如不仅要考虑设备的购买成本,还应考虑日后的维护成本。
CopyrightArjanJ.vanWeele5ThepurchasingmanagementprocessPolicyprinciplesBottom-lineorientation(成本底线导向)采购部门不应是被动地,而应是主动地参与降低成本的活动,应始终如一地追求提高所购买产品和服务的性价比。
Experiencewithcompaniesinwhichpurchasingisrecog
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