cohesion and coherencePPT课件下载推荐.pptx
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cohesion and coherencePPT课件下载推荐.pptx
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照应分为外照应(exophora)和内照应(endophora)。
内照应又可分为下照应(或称后照应)(anaphora)和上照应(或称前照应(cataphora)。
外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。
内照应指意义依赖于上下文的词项。
下照应(后照应)指意义依赖于前述词项的词项、上照(前照应)指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
例:
Thesnailisconsideredagreatdelicacy.Asthechildgrows,helearnstobeindependent.Itnevershouldhavehappened.Shewentoutandleftthedooropen2.替代substitution替代指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项,是词项之间的一种代替关系。
英语中常用的替代词one(s),do,same,so等。
Thisbiscuitsarestale.Getsomefreshones.(名词性替代)“ifyouhaveseenthemsooften,ofcourseyouknowwhattheyrelike.”“Ibelieveso,”Alicerepliedthoughtfully.(分句性替代)A:
Blackcoffee,please.B:
Thesameforme.3.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)例:
HeprefersDutchcheeseandIpreferDanish.-Doyouunderstand?
-Itriedto.-Youhaventtoldhimyet.-Notyet.4.连接conjunction连接是句际间意义相互联系的一种衔接手段,常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。
Itoldhimyearsago,buthewontlisten.Hewasdrownedbecausehefelloffthepier.通过标点符号衔接Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCeaser)Thesunisgrowingwarm,frogsarewakinginthemarshes,plantingtimewillbesoonhere。
Withthefollowingconjunctionsinsentencesorpassages:
1.先后或列举:
first,second;
inthesecondplace;
next/then;
foronethingforanother;
furthermore/moreover/inaddition/besides;
finally/last;
and等。
2.因果:
consequently/asaresult/hence/accordingly/thus/so/therefore;
because/since/for等。
3.特例或举例:
inparticular;
specifically;
forinstance/forexample;
thatis/namely等。
4.转折:
But/however/yet/nevertheless;
onthecontrary;
ontheotherhand;
neithernor等。
5.引出结论:
inconclusion/finally/allinall/tosumup;
evidently/clearly/actually;
ofcourse等。
6.表示频率:
frequently/often;
occasionally/nowandthen;
dayafterday;
againandagain等。
7.表示阶段:
during;
briefly;
foralongtime;
formanyyears等。
8.表某一时刻:
then/atthattime/inthosedays;
lastSunday;
nextChristmas;
in2005;
atthebeginninggoSep;
atsixoclock;
twomonthsago等。
9.表示开端:
atfirst/inthebeginning;
beforethen;
intheprecedingweeks等。
10.表示其间:
inthemeantime/whilethiswasgoingon/meanwhile/asitwashappening/atthesametime/simultaneously等。
11.表示结束:
eventually/finally/atlast/intheend等。
5.词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion)词义衔接主要可划分为重复、同义词、反义词、局部词、上座标词、下义词和搭配。
Therearemorethan26,000patientsonthenationalwaitinglistfortransplants.About2,000patientsaredyingannuallywhilewaitingfortransplants,mostlypatientswaitingforhearts,kidneysandlivers,fortheshortageoforgans.连贯(coherence)语篇的连贯手段连贯(coherence):
是整个语篇一致性的抽象特征。
词汇衔接句子衔接段落衔接1、词汇衔接:
连接词、同义词、反义词、上、下义词、同一语义场等.例1:
连接词(conjunction)Astudentacquiresknowledgemainlyfromthetextbookandinclass.Asaresult,(结果)whenhegraduatesfromschoolhecandonothing.For(原因)everythingisdifferentfromwhatteacherstoldhim.Hemayevenbedisappointedand(并列)frustrated.Intheend,(总结)hemaybeafraidtofacetherealworld.例2同义词(synonym)Thefarmwasownedbytwobrothers.Theyemployedafewfarmhands,butnoonewaswillingtoworklong.Everytimeaworkergaveuphisjob,hetoldthesamestory.Farmlaborerssaidthat例3反义词(antonym)Failureisthemotherofsuccess.例4上下义词(hyponymy)Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Studentsspecializeinaparticulartypeofpracticaljoke:
hoax.Invitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfireisacrudeformofdeception.Studentsoftencreateamusingsituationswhicharefunnytoeveryoneexceptthevictim.例5同一语义场(semanticfield)Smallboatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreatlinerasshewasenteringtheharbor.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorfulbutIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.2、句子衔接使用过渡句Ithasbeensaidthateveryonelivesbysellingsomething.Inthelightofthisstatement,(概括-具体)teacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.Everyonehassomethingtosell.(承上启下)Trampsseemtobetheonlyexceptiontothisgeneralrule.Beggarsalmostsellthemselvesashumanbeingstoarousethepityofpassers-by.Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars.Theyhavenothingtosellandrequirenothingfromothers.使用平行结构American,therichestandmostpowerfulnationintheworld,canwellleadthewayinthisrevolutionofvalues.Thisisnothingtopreventusfrompayingadequatewagestoschoolteachers,ThereisnothingbutalackofsocialvisiontopreventusfrompayinganadequatewagetoeveryAmericancitizenThisisnothing,exceptatragicdeathwish,topreventusfromThereisnothingtokeepusfrom使用信息结构粘连句子
(1)Butmoneyisnoteverything.
(2)Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswew
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