园林专业外文文献--园林061文档格式.doc
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园林专业外文文献--园林061文档格式.doc
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LandscapeArchitectureinAmerica
文献来源:
期刊
文献发表日期:
2008.10.25
院(部):
艺术学院
专业:
园林
班级:
园林061
姓名:
张峻涛
学号:
2006061324
指导教师:
鲁敏教授
翻译日期:
2010.6.9
山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文
外文文献:
ReviewingtheDevelopmentof
ModernLandscapeArchitectureinAmerica
1Introduction
Thenewcenturycameintheend,turnofthecentury,acenturyorevenmillenniumreplaceactuallyreplacedinaflash,inthismoment,theUnitedStatesModernLandscapeArchitectureprofessionhasgonethroughanextraordinarycentury.Inthepassingawayofhundredyears,theUnitedStatestheemergenceofmodernlandscapearchitectureanddevelopmenttoguidethedirectionofmodernlandscapearchitecture,andcoversalmostalloftheexploration.Therefore,wehopethatthroughtheirreviewandthinking,canandenlightenment.
2Development
Industrialrevolutionhasbroughtabouttremendousandfar-reachingchangestothe19thcentury,knownasthe"
fatherofAmericanlandscapearchitecture"
oftheFLOlmstedandVauxdesignedbyBritisharchitect,NewYork'
sCentralPark(1858)theconstruction,markingtheordinarylivinglandscapetocome.Asastartingpoint,thelandscapearchitecturefromthepathofindependence,andwithmodernAmericansocietyandthedemocraticprocess,movingfromaverysmallselectionoftraditionalprofessionalintotheworldofhumanlifeforalmostallthescalesinvolvedinthesubject;
intheshortshortbarformorethanacentury,thelandscapeofhumanexperienceinseveraldimensionsgreatlyexpanded.
2.1Theexpansionofthefieldofprofessionalpractice
Andidealasasymbolofaseriesofcityparks(1865ThurmondPhiladelphiaPark,JinshanPark,1870SanFrancisco,Chicago,1871SouthPark,etc.)andthebeginningofmodernlandscapearchitecturepractice,suchasapioneerintheOlmsteadinitiative,adheretothewholelandfromthecityandtheperspectiveofthemodernlandscapearchitectureprofessionalpracticeareasofthestartlocation;
includingurbanparksandgreenspacesystems,urbanandrurallandscaperoadsystem,residentialareas,schools,realestatedevelopmentandnationalparksplanninganddesignmanagementinthebroadfield.Withthesocialdevelopmentandunderstandingofhumannaturecontinuestoexpand,thepracticeoflandscapearchitectureandfurtherextendtotheentirefieldofhumansettlementsconditions.ModernLandscapeArchitectureinPerspectiveincreasinglyclearthatcompletelychangedtheconceptofpractice,ofcourse,thetraditionalsmall-scaleprivategardensandgardendesigncontinue,andecology,suchaslandplanning,landscapeprotectionandplanning,investigationandassessmentoflandresourcesandlandscapeprotectionmanagementoftheseprofessionalpracticetomakethelandscapearchitectureinamoregenerallevelandmorepublicscaleoperation.Today,asahumansocietygraduallyawayfromthenaturalenvironmenttoanswer,landscapearchitecture,constructionyardwillnolongerbeenlargedversion,butapracticalsubject,coveringalmost10,000peopleandthenaturalenvironmentaspectsoftherelationshipbetweenthepracticeofsubjectarea,itstheoreticalmethodsandsocialresponsibilityalsowillexpandandchange.
2.2clientsandprofessionalpractitionerstoexpand
AmericanModernLandscapeArchitecturefromtheCentralPark,thealreadysmallnumberofpeopleisnolongeraluxuryforadmiration,butthegeneralpublicspaceforphysicalandmentalregeneration.Landscapeintothelivesofordinarypeople,tomeettheaspirationsofordinarypeople,itshouldbesaidthatitwasgiventomodernsocietyanddemocracy.Modernlandscapearchitectureenablesmodernlandscapearchitecture,sociallifewithrealroots,withcontinuousvitalityanddynamism.Withhumanbeingstheprocessofindustrializationandurbanizationmakethedeterioratingnaturalenvironment,thesurvivalandcontinuationofhumanbeingsalsounderthreat.Toenvironmentalissuesincontemporarysocietytohighlightthestatusofthepointofview,themodernlandscapearchitectureservicesisnolongerlimitedtoagroupofman-madeobject,butasahumaninterdependencewithotherspecieswithitselfhasamulti-culturalexistenceofnaturalsystemsinpart,toexpandthevisionofmodernlandscapearchitecturetotheculturalcircleoftheentirehumaninteractionwiththenaturalbiosphereandsustainabledevelopment.
Broadareasofprofessionalpracticetomakethenecessaryprofessionalknowledgelandscapearchitectsincreasinglypresentacomprehensiveandintegratedfeatures.Today,manylandscapearchitectswillberequiredforlandscapearchitecturepractice,extensiveknowledgeandfeelabitembarrassed.Correspondingly,withavarietyofdifferentprofessio
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