计算机专业毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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计算机专业毕业设计外文翻译.docx
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计算机专业毕业设计外文翻译
外文翻译
TheNetWorks
BirthoftheNet
TheInternethashadarelativelybrief,butexplosivehistorysofar.Itgrewoutofanexperimentbeguninthe1960'sbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.TheDoDwantedtocreateacomputernetworkthatwouldcontinuetofunctionintheeventofadisaster,suchasanuclearwar.Ifpartofthenetworkweredamagedordestroyed,therestofthesystemstillhadtowork.ThatnetworkwasARPANET,whichlinkedU.S.scientificandacademicresearchers.Itwastheforerunneroftoday'sInternet.
In1985,theNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)createdNSFNET,aseriesofnetworksforresearchandeducationcommunication.BasedonARPANETprotocols,theNSFNETcreatedanationalbackboneservice,providedfreetoanyU.S.researchandeducationalinstitution.Atthesametime,regionalnetworkswerecreatedtolinkindividualinstitutionswiththenationalbackboneservice.
NSFNETgrewrapidlyaspeoplediscovereditspotential,andasnewsoftwareapplicationswerecreatedtomakeaccesseasier.CorporationssuchasSprintandMCIbegantobuildtheirownnetworks,whichtheylinkedtoNSFNET.AscommercialfirmsandotherregionalnetworkprovidershavetakenovertheoperationofthemajorInternetarteries,NSFhaswithdrawnfromthebackbonebusiness.
NSFalsocoordinatedaservicecalledInterNIC,whichregisteredalladdressesontheInternetsothatdatacouldberoutedtotherightsystem.ThisservicehasnowbeentakenoverbyNetworkSolutions,Inc.,incooperationwithNSF.
HowtheWebWorks
TheWorldWideWeb,thegraphicalportionoftheInternet,isthemostpopularpartoftheInternetbyfar.OnceyouspendtimeontheWeb,youwillbegintofeellikethereisnolimittowhatyoucandiscover.TheWeballowsrichanddiversecommunicationbydisplayingtext,graphics,animation,photos,soundandvideo.
Sojustwhatisthismiraculouscreation?
TheWebphysicallyconsistsofyourpersonalcomputer,webbrowsersoftware,aconnectiontoanInternetserviceprovider,computerscalledserversthathostdigitaldataandroutersandswitchestodirecttheflowofinformation.
TheWebisknownasaclient-serversystem.Yourcomputeristheclient;theremotecomputersthatstoreelectronicfilesaretheservers.Here'showitworks:
Let'ssayyouwanttopayavisittothetheLouvremuseumwebsite.FirstyouentertheaddressorURLofthewebsiteinyourwebbrowser(moreaboutthisshortly).ThenyourbrowserrequeststhewebpagefromthewebserverthathoststheLouvre'ssite.TheLouvre'sserversendsthedataovertheInternettoyourcomputer.Yourwebbrowserinterpretsthedata,displayingitonyourcomputerscreen.
TheLouvre'swebsitealsohaslinkstothesitesofothermuseums,suchastheVaticanMuseum.Whenyouclickyourmouseonalink,youaccessthewebserverfortheVaticanMuseum.
The"glue"thatholdstheWebtogetheriscalledhypertextandhyperlinks.ThisfeatureallowelectronicfilesontheWebtobelinkedsoyoucaneasilyjumpbetweenthem.OntheWeb,younavigatethroughpagesofinformationbasedonwhatinterestsyouatthatparticularmoment,commonlyknownasbrowsingorsurfingtheNet.
ToaccesstheWebyouneedwebbrowsersoftware,suchasNetscapeNavigatororMicrosoftInternetExplorer.HowdoesyourwebbrowserdistinguishbetweenwebpagesandotherfilesontheInternet?
WebpagesarewritteninacomputerlanguagecalledHypertextMarkupLanguageorHTML.
SomeWebHistory
TheWorldWideWeb(WWW)wasoriginallydevelopedin1990atCERN,theEuropeanLaboratoryforParticlePhysics.ItisnowmanagedbyTheWorldWideWebConsortium,alsoknownastheWorldWideWebInitiative.
TheWWWConsortiumisfundedbyalargenumberofcorporatemembers,includingAT&T,AdobeSystems,Inc.,MicrosoftCorporationandSunMicrosystems,Inc.ItspurposeistopromotethegrowthoftheWebbydevelopingtechnicalspecificationsandreferencesoftwarethatwillbefreelyavailabletoeveryone.TheConsortiumisrunbyMITwithINRIA(TheFrenchNationalInstituteforResearchinComputerScience)actingasEuropeanhost,incollaborationwithCERN.
TheNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplications(NCSA)attheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,wasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofearlygraphicalsoftwareutilizingtheWorldWideWebfeaturescreatedbyCERN.NCSAfocusesonimprovingtheproductivityofresearchersbyprovidingsoftwareforscientificmodeling,analysis,andvisualization.TheWorldWideWebwasanobviouswaytofulfillthatmission.NCSAMosaic,oneoftheearliestwebbrowsers,wasdistributedfreetothepublic.ItleddirectlytothephenomenalgrowthoftheWorldWideWeb.
UnderstandingWebAddresses
YoucanthinkoftheWorldWideWebasanetworkofelectronicfilesstoredoncomputersallaroundtheworld.Hypertextlink
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