托福TPO阅读45文本Word下载.docx
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托福TPO阅读45文本Word下载.docx
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ItisthroughBeringiathatsmallgroupsoflargemammalhunters,slowlyexpandingtheirhuntingterritories,eventuallycolonizedNorthandSouthAmerica.Onthisarchaeologistsgenerallyagree,butthatiswheretheagreementstopsOnebroadareaofdisagreementinexplainingthepeoplingoftheAmericasisthedomainofpaleoecologists,butitiscriticaltounderstandinghumanhistory:
whatwasBeringialike?
TheBeringianlandscapewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.■Broad,windsweptvalleys;
glaciatedmountains;
sparsevegetation;
andlessmoisturecreatedaratherforbiddinglandmass.■Thislandmasssupportedherdsofnow-extinctspeciesofmammoth,bison,andhorseandsomewhatmodernversionsofcaribou,muskox,elk,andsaigaantelope.■Thesegrazerssupportedinturnanumberofimpressivecarnivores,includingthegiantshort-facedbear,thesaber-toothcat,andalargespeciesoflion.■
ThepresenceofmammalspeciesthatrequiregrasslandvegetationhasledArcticbiologistDaleGuthrietoarguethatwhilecoldanddry,theremusthavebeenbroadareasofdensevegetationtosupportherdsofmammoth,horse,andbison.Further,nearlyalloftheice-agefaunahadteeththatindicateanadaptationtograssesandsedges;
theycouldnothavebeensupportedbyamodernfloraofmossesandlichens.Guthriehasalsodemonstratedthatthelandscapemusthavebeensubjecttointenseandcontinuouswinds,especiallyinwinter.Hemakesthisargumentbasedontheanatomy
ofhorseandbison,whichdonothavetheabilitytosearchforfoodthroughdeepsnowcover.Theyneedlandscapeswithstrongwindsthatremovethewintersnows,exposingthedrygrassesbeneath.Guthrieappliedtheterm“mammothsteppe"
tocharacterizethislandscape.
Incontrast,PaulColinvauxhasofferedacounterargumentbasedontheanalysisofpolleninlakesedimentsdatingtothelasticeage.HefoundthattheamountofpollenrecoveredinthesesedimentsissolowthattheBeringianlandscapeduringthepeakofthelastglaciationwasmorelikelytohavebeenwhathetermeda"
polardesert,"
withlittleoronlysparsevegetation,innowaywasitpossiblethatthisregioncouldhavesupportedlargeherdsofmammalsandthus,humanhunters.Guthriehasarguedagainstthisviewbypointingoutthatradiocarbonanalysisofmammoth,horse,andbisonbonesfromBeringiandepositsrevealedthatthebonesdatetotheperiodofmostintenseglaciation.
Theargumentseemedtobeatastandstilluntilanumberofrecentstudiesresultedinaspectacularsuiteofnewfinds.Thefirstwasthediscoveryofa1,000-square-kilometerpreservedpatchofBeringianvegetationdatingtojustover17,000yearsago—thepeakofthelasticeageTheplantswerepreservedunderathickashfallfromavolcaniceruption.Investigationsoftheplantsfoundgrasses,sedges,mosses,andmanyothervarietiesinanearlycontinuouscover,aswaspredictedbyGuthrie.Butthisvegetationhadathinrootmatwithnosoilformation,demonstratingthattherewaslittlelong-termstabilityinplantcover,afindingsupportingsomeoftheargumentsofColinvaux.Amixtureofcontinuousbutthinvegetationsupportingherdsoflargemammalsisonethatseemsplausibleandrealisticwiththeavailabledata.
1.Theword"
remnants"
inthepassageisclosestinmeaning
Oremains
Oevidence
Oresults
Oreminders
2.Theword"
domain"
inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
Ofieldofexpertise
Ochallenge
Ointerest
Oresponsibility
3.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueoftheBeringianlandscapeEXCEPT.
OTherewaslittlevegetation.
OThemammalspeciesthereallsurvivedintomodernversions.
OTheclimatewasdrierthanitistoday.
OThereweremountainswithglaciers.
4.Thepurposeofparagraph3isto
Ocontrasttoday’sBeringianlandscapewithotherlandscapesintheAmericancontinent
OdescribetheBeringianlandscapeduringthelasticeage
OexplainwhysomanyBeringianspeciesbecameextinctduringthelasticeage
O
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